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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What two pathways does the hypothalamus work via?

A

using neurosecretion or the ANS

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2
Q

Neurosecretion by the hypothalamus results from what?

A

hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulate the anterior pituitary or direct innervation of the posterior pituitary

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3
Q

The ANS works via

A

the Hypothalamus stimulating the adrenal medulla or direct innervation of an endocrine gland

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4
Q

Steroids are produced on ___

A

demand

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5
Q

Hormones are found in ___ concentrations so the receptors have ____ affinity to be activated

A

low concentrations, high affinity

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6
Q

Does the messenger secreted have to work also via a feedback mechanism

A

no, it can but does not have to

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7
Q

Endocrine function can be subject to modification by external factors? True or False

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Water soluble hormones are transported dissolved in plasma (True or False)

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones are dissolved in plasma (True or False)

A

FALSE

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10
Q

Steroid and thyroid hormones are transported while bound to proteins? (True or False)

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What is the most common way to measure hormones in the body

A

ELISA

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12
Q

what is the function of Leptin

A

controls appetite and metabolic rate

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13
Q

What produces leptin

A

the adrenal cortex

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14
Q

where is cortisol produced

A

the adrenal cortex

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15
Q

where is CRH secreted from

A

the hypothalamus

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16
Q

what does CRH stimulate the secretion of

A

ACTH

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17
Q

What does GHRH stimulate the secretion of

A

GH

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18
Q

what is the function of SS (somatostatin)

A

provides negative feedback on hormone secretion

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19
Q

what does GnRH stimulate the secretion of?

A

LH and FSH

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20
Q

what does DA stimulate the secretion of?

A

PRL (prolactin)

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21
Q

what is the function of IGF-1

A

secreted by the liver and controls cell division and growth of bone

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22
Q

Insulin, glucagon, and SS are secreted by what to control organic metabolism

A

the pancreas

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23
Q

PTH is secreted by the ____ and controls the levels of what two ions?

A

parathyroid glands to control calcium and plasma levels

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24
Q

Melatonin is secreted by the ____ gland and controls what?

A

pineal gland and controls natural body rhythms

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25
Q

GH (somatropin) is secreted by the ____

A

anterior pituitary

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26
Q

TSH (Thyrotropin) is secreted by the

A

thyroid gland

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27
Q

ACTH (corticotropin) is secreted by the

A

adrenal cortex

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28
Q

T4 (Thyroxine) is secreted by the ___ and has major effects on ___ and the ____

A

thyroid, metabolism and brain

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29
Q

T3 (Triiodothyonine) is secreted by the ___ and has major effects on the ___ and the ___

A

thyroid, metabolism and brain

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30
Q

The hypothalamus is a site of ____ and ____ of many basic functions

A

regulation and integration

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31
Q

All releasing factors are peptides except ___ which is a ____

A

DA, catecholamine

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32
Q

GH causes tissue to secrete ____ and causes what two things?

A

insulin-like growth factor, protein synthesis, and anti-insulin effects

33
Q

GH will increase ____ movement for energy use

A

Fatty acids

34
Q

GH works via what receptors to increase the effects of ___ and ___

A

beta-3 adrenergic receptors to increase the effects of epinephrine and lipolysis

35
Q

GH secretion is at its highest during what two points?

A

strenuous exercise and deep sleep

36
Q

What is the function of Somatomedin C?

A

prolongs the half-life of GH

37
Q

Control of hormones by the hypothalamus balances upon what?

A

positive and negative feedback

38
Q

GH and IGFs stimulate the hypothalamus to increase what to inhibit the anterior pituitary

A

somatostatin (SS)

39
Q

Lack of thyroid will (increase/decrease) metabolism

40
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of what glands

A

cuboidal epithelial

41
Q

C cells secrete

A

calcitonin

42
Q

T3 is (more/less) potent than T4 and has a (longer/shorter) half life

A

more, shorter

43
Q

Why does it take a while to notice thyroid deficiencies?

A

the thyroid has a two to three month store of iodinated thyroglobulin

44
Q

why is there a latency in response to exogenous T4

A

due to the binding to plasma and tissue proteins

45
Q

does T3 or T4 have greater affinity for receptors

46
Q

Thyroid hormones make cells more leaky to what?

47
Q

What do the thyroid hormones do to the body?

A

increase carb and fat metabolism, increases vitamin use, D2, and ventilation demand, as well as an increase in rate of glucocorticoid inactivation

48
Q

what competes for the iodine pump

A

thiocyanate

49
Q

what prevents iodination

A

propythiouracil

50
Q

what are the primary secretors of PTH?

A

Chief cells

51
Q

PTH increases ___ reabsorption in the kidneys and breakdown of __ to put ___ in the blood

A

Calcium, bone, calcium

52
Q

PTH secretion is majorly stimulated or inhibited by what levels?

A

Calcium levels in the blood

53
Q

Calcitonin ___ osteoclast activity

54
Q

PTH is ____ important than calcitonin on calcium regulation

55
Q

Adrenal glands sit atop what organ

56
Q

the ____ ____ ____ expresses Aldosterone

A

outer zona glomerulosa

57
Q

aldosterone is very potent in what aspect?

A

sodium retention

58
Q

ADH from the ___ ___ can trigger the secretion of ___

A

posterior pituitary, cortisol (putting $ on this Question)

59
Q

Cortisol secretion primarily occurs from ___ and ____

A

CRH and ACTH

60
Q

Is insulin an effective measure against adrenal diabetes?

A

NO, with adrenal diabetes the body is resistant to insulin!! (another test Q)

61
Q

What secretes somatostatin?

A

the islets of langerhans

62
Q

the pancrease and thymus respond to ___ ____ not hormone secretion

A

blood concentrations

63
Q

Insulin works via what mechanism

64
Q

insulin works on the body by doing what five things?

A

increase glucose transport, protein synthesis, fat synthesis, glucose synthesis, and gene expression

65
Q

does insulin have an effect on neurons

66
Q

beta cells have insulin independent ____ cells

67
Q

an increase in ___ will increase ATP which closes ___ channels to depolarize the cell where ___ opens to act as a secondary messenger for glucose

A

ATP, K+, Ca2+

68
Q

SS and norepinephrine inhibit ___ secretion

69
Q

Some stimuli only work with glucose present at a threshold of ____ mg%

70
Q

What drug stimulates cells to increase insulin release

A

sulfonylureas

71
Q

how do sulfonylureas function

A

they block ATP sensitive K channels

72
Q

Insulin inhibits hormone sensitive lipase which normally does what?

A

breakdown triglycerides to release Fatty Acids

73
Q

What would happen if we remove the pancreas

A

blood glucose soars, free fatty acids rapidly increase and acetoacetic acid will continuously rise

74
Q

Insulin promotes the use of ___ over ___

A

carbs over fats

75
Q

Fasting blood glucose is ___ in diabetics

76
Q

what are is caused from metabolic syndrome

A

insulin resistance, visceral obesity, high triglycerides, hypertension, and low HDL

77
Q

What drugs will inhibit altered malonyl COA/AMPK to decrease metabolic syndrome

A

Adiponectin, Leptin, TZD’s, and metformin

78
Q

an A1C at or below 7% correlates to a blood sugar level below what?

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