Respiratory

Question 1

Name 4 functions of the nose

Answer 1

Sensor the temperature of the inspired air Humidify the air Filter the air Defence- cilia move backwards to allow the invader to be swallowed

Question 2

What are the function of turbinates?

Answer 2

Turbinates are “shelves” in the nasal cavity that provide a passage for air to flow. They double the surface area of the nasopharynx and cause the inspired air to turbinate. Therefore the air spends longer in the cavity so has move time to humidify.

Question 3

What are the 3 turbinates and what opens into them?

Answer 3

Superior meatus- olfactory epithelium, cribiform plate, sphenoid sinus Middle meatus- sinus opening for the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus and the anterior ethmoidal sinus. Inferior meatus- nasolacrimal duct (tear duct)

Question 4

What are the borders of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 4

Base- lateral wall of the nose Apex- Zygomatic process of the maxilla Roof-floor of the orbit Floor- alveolar process (above back tooth)

Question 5

What is the hiatus semilunaris

Answer 5

Crescent shaped groove in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity that allows drainage into the middle meatus

Question 6

What is the nerve supply of all four paranasal sinuses?

Answer 6

Frontal- V1 (Opthalmic) of Trigeminal Maxillary- V2 (Maxillary) of Trigeminal Ethmoid- V1 and V2 of Trigeminal Sphenoid- V1 (Opthalmic) of Trigeminal

Question 7

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

Answer 7

Frontal, Ethmoidal, Maxillary and Sphenoid

Question 8

Describe the position of the 4 paranasal sinuses

Answer 8

Frontal- Over the orbit, superciliary arch (eyebrow). Midline septum Maxillary- Body of the Maxilla, Pyramidal, bilateral in cheek Ethmoid- between the eyes Sphenoid- medial to the cavernous sinus. Laterally attaches to the nasal septum. Inferior to optic canal, pituitary gland and dura mater.

Question 9

What three components make up the pharynx?

Answer 9

NOL Nasopharynx, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

Question 10

Where is the Eustachian tube?

Answer 10

Lateral wall of the nasopharynx. It supplies air to the middle air

Question 11

What tonsils are found in the nasopharynx and what tonsils are found in the oropharynx?

Answer 11

Nasopharynx- Pharyngeal tonsils (posterior wall) Oropharynx- Palatine tonsils (lateral wall)

Question 12

What is the nasopharynx bounded by?

Answer 12

Begins at the base of the skull, C spine, posterior of the nose (choana)

Question 13

What are the 9 cartilages of the larynx? Which cartilages are not paired?

Answer 13

Single: Epiglottis, Thyroid, Cricoid Paired: Cuneiform, Corniculate , Arytenoid

Question 14

What is the role of the arytenoid cartilage?

Answer 14

The paired cartilages rotate on the cricoid cartilage to change the vocal cords.

Question 15

What is the main function of the larynx?

Answer 15

Prevent food entering the lungs

Question 16

Describe the nerve supply of the larynx

Answer 16

Vagus (X) CN. Vagus branches into 2: 1) Superior recurrent laryngeal nerve- internal (supplies sensation) and external (cricothyroid muscle) 2) Recurrent laryngeal nerve- Supplies all the muscles apart from the cricothyroid muscle. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve lies in the groove between the trachea and oesophagus after following the right subclavian artery. The LRLN loops under the aorta and loops around the thorax and ascends between the trachea and aorta.

Question 17

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 17

T5

Question 18

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

Answer 18

Pseudostratified

Question 19

Describe the divisions of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 19

Trachea (bifurcates at T5), main bronchi, lobal bronchui, segmental (terminal) bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 20

What fissures are found in the right and left lung?

Answer 20

Horizontal and oblique fissure in the right lung and an oblique fissure in the left lung

Question 21

What are the pores of Kohn?

Answer 21

The interconnections between alveoli

Question 22

What do the type 1 and type 2 do ? Which is more common?

Answer 22

Type 1 act as pavement cells and are involved in gas exchange. Type 2 produce surfactant which reduces surface tension between adjacent alveoli. This helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing. Type 1 pneumocytes are far more common (95%)

Question 23

What does sympathetic stimulation of the bronchi do?

Answer 23

Bronchodilation

Question 24

What layer of the lung pleura senses pain?

Answer 24

Parietal layer

Question 25

Describe the pleura

Answer 25

2 layers; visceral and parietal

Single cell layers that are a continuation of eachother at the lung root

Small amount of fluid in between the two layers