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Clinical Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

the thorax has a natural tendency to _________ volume - opposed by forces of the lungs with a tenency to _________ volume

A

increase, decrease

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2
Q

volume at the end of exhalation

A

FRC (functional residual capacity)

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3
Q

with an increased compliance, lungs are (more/less) easily stretched

A

more

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4
Q

with a decreased compliance, lungs are (more/less) easily stretched

A

less

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5
Q

exhalation flow depends on _______

A

lung volume

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6
Q

varying resistance on inhalation compared to exhalation gives us the ______________ (flow/volume curve)

A

hysteresis loop

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7
Q

airway resistance progressively (increases/decreases) with reducing lung volumes

A

increases

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8
Q

as exhalation is forced, resistance __________ due to the external compression of the airways

A

increases

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9
Q

at lung volumes less than ___% of vital capacity, maximum expiratory flow is constant and independent of effort (more effort –> more resistance –> same flow)

A

80

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10
Q

most common site for drawing arterial blood:

A

radial artery

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11
Q

normal partial pressure of arterial oxygen: PaO2 = ___mmHg

A

80-100

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12
Q

normal oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin: SaO2 = ___%

A

> 90

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13
Q

normal blood hemoglobin content: Hgb = ___g/dL

A

12/16/2012

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14
Q

normal partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide: PaCO2 = ___mmHg

A

35-45

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15
Q

neutral measure of acidity/alkalinity: pH = __

A

7

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16
Q

a pH of >7 = _______

A

alkaline

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17
Q

a pH of <7 = _______

A

acidic

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18
Q

normal bicarbonate ion concentration: HCO3- = ___mmol/L

A

22-26

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19
Q

indicator of total blood alkali content/deficit: BE = ___

A

+/- 2

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20
Q

PaO2% can be affected by:

A

pH, PaCO2, temperature

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21
Q

ABG’s that tell us oxygen carrying function:

A

PaO2, SaO2, Hgb

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22
Q

ABG’s that tell us ventilation:

A

PaCO2

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23
Q

ABG’s that tell us the acid-base balance:

A

pH, HCO3-, Base Excess

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24
Q

Low PaO2 is known as ___________ (<___mmHg)

A

hypoxemia, 80

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25
Q

hypoxemia is usually related to a ___________ impairment or __________

A

diffusion, hypoventilation

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26
Q

PaO2 can be chronically low in patients with ______

A

COPD

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27
Q

True/False: PaO2 and SaO2 are directly related

A

FALSE

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28
Q

measure of O2-carrying capacity of the blood

A

Hgb

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29
Q

Ventilation is determined by ______ (“ventilation limited”)

A

PaCO2

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30
Q

Hypoventilation –> PaCO2 > ____mmHg (_____________)

A

45, hypercapnia

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31
Q

Hyperventilation –> PaCO2 < ____mmHg (_____________)

A

35, hypocapnia

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32
Q

if you have low O2 and normal CO2, you can assume that the low O2 is caused by a _____________ impairment and not alveolar _____________

A

diffusion, hypoventilation

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33
Q

low O2 with high CO2 = ______________

A

hypoventilation

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34
Q

pH < 7.35 leads to _________; depression of the CNS, disorientation, coma

A

acidosis

35
Q

pH >7.45 leads to ___________; hyperexcitability of the nervous system, tetany, convulsions, seizures

A

alkalosis

36
Q

acids when readily release H+ ions and completely/quickly ionize can be said to be _________ acids

A

strong

37
Q

acids which do not dissociate completely can be said to be __________ acids

A

weak

38
Q

a compound capable of accepting H+ ions

A

base

39
Q

a compound that will absorb/take up H+ ions

A

buffer

40
Q

CO2 in blood = _________ acid

A

carbonic

41
Q

Hypoventilation leads to ____________, _____________, ______________ in the respiratory mechanism of acid/base regulation

A

increased PaCO2, increased acidity, decreased pH

42
Q

Hyperventilation leads to _____________, _____________, ______________ in the respiratory mechanism of acid/base regulation

A

decreased PaCO2, decreased acid, increased pH

43
Q

Changes in the respiratory mechanism of acid/base regulaton occur (rapidly/slowly)

A

rapidly

44
Q

the metabolic mechanism of acid/base regulation is primarily controlled by which organ?

A

Kidneys

45
Q

the kidneys excrete ______ to control acid/base balance

A

bicarbonate

46
Q

Changes in the metabolic mechanism of acid/base regulation occur (rapidly/slowly)

A

slowly

47
Q

renal failure, causing metabolic alkalosis will cause ___________

A

hypoventilation

48
Q

a person with COPD/hypercapnia will have chronically elevated ______ levels; this is compensated with renal retention of _______ to show a normal pH

A

PaCO2, bicarbonate

49
Q

Chronic lung disorder characterized by dilation of the terminal airways

A

Emphysema

50
Q

Emphysema type A:

A

Panacinar/panlobular

51
Q

Emphysema type B:

A

Centrilobular/centriacinar

52
Q

type of emphysema which affects the alveoli, is distributed throughout the lungs, and causes breakdown of the alveolar walls leading to loss of surface area for air exchange:

A

A

53
Q

type of emphysema which affects the respiratory bronchioles, is distributed in the upper lobes, and is usually a progression of chronic bronchitis:

A

B

54
Q

Hyperlucency of the lungs appear on x-rays from type __ emphysema patients

A

A

55
Q

Barrel chest deformity is consistent with type __ ephysema patients

A

A

56
Q

Dry cough, increased compliance, “Pink Puffers”: Type __ Emphysema

A

A

57
Q

Cough with a chronic sputum, sometimes purulent is associated with type __ emphysema patients

A

B

58
Q

Polycythemia, edema, pulmonary HTN, “Blue Bloaters”: Type __ Emphysema

A

B

59
Q

Pulmonary HTN can lead to _____________, known as _____________

A

right ventricular failure, cor pulmonale

60
Q

In emphysema, ventilation is _________ relative to perfusion

A

reduced

61
Q

Method which slows the flow rate and raises intrapulmonary pressure to keep the airways open to get stale air out of the lungs

A

pursed-lip breathing

62
Q

Obstructive, reactive airway disease

A

asthma

63
Q

juvenile-onset asthma is usually caused by:

A

allergies

64
Q

Asthma causes a reduced lumen of bronchi due to:

A

bronchospasm, increased bronchial wall thickness, increased secretions

65
Q

Extrinsic triggers for asthma are usually associated with _______-onset

A

juvenile

66
Q

Intrinsic triggers for asthma are usually associated with ________-onset

A

adult

67
Q

Dilation of the bronchial walls in saccular or fusiform mechanisms, usually the result of a recurrent infection

A

Bronchiectasis

68
Q

Treatment of bronchiectasis to prevent the accumulation of secretions

A

bronchial hygiene

69
Q

Partial collapse of lung parenchyma (alveoli)

A

atelectasis

70
Q

alveolar collapse, perhaps related to surface tension changes, can be diffused or localized

A

microatelectasis

71
Q

atelectasis where the bronchus becomes occluded and air distal to the obstruction is absorbed and the lung region collapses

A

obstructive atelectasis

72
Q

signs involved with microatelectasis

A

reduced excursion, crackles, bronchial sounds, tracheal shift (ipsilateral)

73
Q

_________is the most common pathology of atelectasis

A

microatelectasis

74
Q

occurs when a bronchus is completely occluded by: carcinoma, mucous plug, foreign object, endotracheal tube inserted too far

A

obstructive atelectasis

75
Q

pneumonia usually associated with staphylococcal or streptococcal organisms

A

bronchial

76
Q

pneumonia associated with patchy infiltrates on x-rays (little white spots)

A

bronchial

77
Q

pneumonia associated with inflammation of airways with secretions; cough with large amounts of purulent sputum

A

bronchial

78
Q

pneumonia associated with pneumococcus organisms

A

lobar

79
Q

pneumonia associated with inflammation of the distal airways (alveoli) with red hepatization and pain

A

lobar

80
Q

pneumonia associated with an initially dry cough, later productive of small amounts of golden, viscous, blood-flecked sputum

A

lobar

81
Q

acute, often life-threatening lung disorder with 40-60% mortality

A

ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome)

82
Q

fracture of a long bone can result in a _________

A

fat embolus

83
Q

a loss in surfactant production can lead to __________

A

atelectasis

Clinical Anatomy (8 decks)

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