Kines Vocab (complete) Flashcards
Kinesiology
The study of human movement
Anatomy
The science of the shape and structure of the human body and its parts
Physiology
The biologic study of living organisms
Biomechanics
A discipline that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how forces interact within a living body
Kinematics
motion of the body; without regard to the forces or torques that may produce the motion
Translation
parts of an object move parallel to and in the same direction as another part of the body
Rotation
when a assumed rigid body moves in a circular path about a pivot point
translation, rotation
2 types of movement
anterior to sacrum
center of mass located:
active movement
caused by stimulated muscle contraction
passive movement
movement caused by sources other than muscle contraction
open kinematic chain
distal segment of a limb is not fixed
closed kinematic chain
distal segment of a limb is fixed and grounded
Arthrokinematics
describes the motion that occurs between articular surfaces of joints
Roll
Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface
Slide
A single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface
Spin
A single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface
tension, compression, bending, shear, torsion, combined
common loads applied to the body (6)
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
types of joints
synarthrosis (fibrous joint)
Junction between bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue….little or no movement…disperses forces
amphiarthrosis (cartilagenous joint)
Junction between bones formed primarily by fibrocartilage and/or hyaline cartilage…restrained movements…transmit/disperse forces
diarthrosis (synovial joint)
majority of UE/LE joints…specialized for movt
synarthrosis joints
sutures of the skull, teeth, distal tibiofibular joint, interosseous membranes of arm/leg
cartilagenous joints
intervertebral discs, xiphosternal joint, manubriosternal joint, pubic symphisis
synovial fluid, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, capsular ligaments, blood vessels, nerves
7 elements of a synovial joint
intraarticular disc/menisci
Pads of fibrocartilage which increase articular congruency and improve force dispersion
labrum
Fibrocartilage which forms a bony rim to thicken and support attachments for the joint capsule…deepens concave member of the joint
fat pads
Within the joint capsule between the fibrous capsule and the synovial membrane which thickens the joint capsule and fills spaces formed by incongruent bony surfaces
synovial plicae
Folds of slack inner layers of joint capsule which increase synovial surface area and reduce tension on synovial lining
evolute
the path of the serial locations of the instantaneous axes of rotation. More accurate with smaller arcs of motion.
hinge joint
humeroulnar joint, IPs of the digits (what type of joint?)
pivot joint
proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint (what type of joint?)
ellipsoid joint
radiocarpal joint (what type of joint?)
ball-and-socket joint
glenohumeral joint, coxafemoral joint (what type of joint?)
plane joint
intercarpal, intertarsal joints (what type of joint?)
saddle joint
thumb CMC, SC joint (what type of joint?)
condyloid joint
MCPs, tibiofemoral joint (what type of joint?)
accessory movements
Movements that accompany the classical movements (passive/active) on the articular surfaces
joint play, component movement
2 types of accessory movement
joint play
normal movement not under voluntary control, occuring in response to an outside force
component movement
normal movement not under voluntary control, accompanying active movements
Paris
0-ankylosis, 1-very restricted, 2-slightly restricted, 3-normal, 4-slightly hypermobile, 5-very hypermobile, 6-unstable
Kaltenborn
1-no movement, 2-hypomobility, 3-normal movement, 4-hypermobility
fibers, ground substances, cells
3 basic biological materials that form periarticular connective tissue
fibrous proteins (fibers)
collagen (type 1&2), elastin
ground substances
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), water, solutes
cells
responsible for maintanence and repair, but sparse - fibroblasts & chondrocytes
Type 1
collagen - thick, rugged, strong, little elongation; ligaments, tendons, fascia, joint capsules
Type 2
collagen - thin, more flexible; hyaline
Elastin
resists tensile, stretching forces with more give…readily returns to original shape; hyaline OR elastic
tendons
fibers which are taut and aligned in the direction of pull of the muscle
ligaments
wavy, ready for pull in any direction
Dense connective tissue
type 1 collagen with low elastin, contains fibroblasts and proteoglycans. Resists tension. Ligaments, tendons, joint capsule
regular
tendons and ligaments (regular or irregular dense connective tissue?)
irregular
fibrous layers of a joint capsule (regular or irregular dense connective tissue?)
articular connective tissue
type 2 collagen with more flexibility, chondrocytes, proteoglycans (no perichondrium). Distributes and absorbs joint forces, reduces joint friction. Hyaline cartilage.
fibrocartilage
multidirectional type 1 collagen with fibroblasts and chondrocytes, proteoglycans. Stabilizes joints, dissipates loads across planes, guides arthrokinematics. Menisci, labrum, discs
bone
type 1 collagen + osteoblasts + hard ground substance =
compact bone (cortical bone)
outer cortex of long bones, highly vascularized, pressure/pain receptors
osteoblasts
synthesize ground substance and collagen to form bone
osteoclasts
break down bone
Wolff’s Law
bone is layed down in areas of high stress and resorbed in areas of low stress
adduction
Superior Glenohumeral Ligament is most taut in….
45-60 abduction
Middle Glenohumeral Ligament is most taut in…
90 abduction, full ER
Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament (anterior band) is most taught in…
90 abduction, full IR
Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament (posterior band) is most taught in…
90 abduction
Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament (axillary pouch) is most taught in…
adduction
Coracohumeral ligament is most taut in…
brachialis
known as the “workhourse” of the elbow flexors due to its large cross-sectional area and usually produces the greatest force
flexors, extensors, supinators, pronators
order of force production in elbow/forearm muscles (largest -> smallest)
TFCC
primary stabilizer of the distal radio-ulnar joint, reinforcing the ulnar side of the wrist and transfering 20% of forces from hand to forearm.
zig-zag deformity
rotational collapse of the wrist
central band
direct continuation of the extensor digitorum, attaching to the dorsal base of the middle phalanx. Serves as the “backbone”, transmits force across PIP
lateral bands
divisions off central band - fuse as single attachment to dorsal distal phalanx. Transmits extensor forces from ED, lumbricals, interossei across PIP/DIP
transverse dorsal hood
connects extensor tendons with palmar plates at the MCP
oblique dorsal hood
course distally and dorsally, fusing with lateral bands
oblique retinacular ligament
slender, oblique-running fibers connecting fibrous digital sheaths to lateral bands
power, precision, power (key) pinch, precision pinch, hook
5 types of hand grips
muscle atrophy
Osteoarthritis is strongly correlated with __________
5
There is usually ___ cm of inferior/superior head translation with gait
ligaments
Accessory motions may be used clinically to test the integrity of ________
F=ma
Newton’s second law equation
4.448
1 lb = ____ N
stress
the internal resistance generated as a tissue resists its deformation, divided by its cross-sectional area
strain
the ratio of the tissue’s deformation length to its original length
stiffness
the ratio of stress to strain in an elastic material
viscoelastic
tissues in which the stress-strain curve change over time are considered ____________
creep
a progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time
stress relaxation
constant strain causes decreasing stress
stress relaxation
Joint Active Systems unload the joint during use with a static progressive stretch….they use the biomechanical concept of ____________________
creep
Dynasplint uses low-load, prolonged stretching with the biomechanical concept of ______________
mechanical advantage
The ratio of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm
First
A see-saw is an example of a ______-class lever…axis is between opposing forces
Second
A wheelbarrow is an example of a ______-class lever…axis is located at one end of a bone (tip toes) - MA >1
Third
A prone rowing machine (https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTxYpdstxMALvqE7lhiCeEfUpQIznhYPIKJmZasLY7diTFMLLpb7Q) is an example of a _____-class lever…axis is located at one end of a bone, the external weight has a greater leverage than the muscle force (elbow flexors) - MA < 1
Fusiform
Muscle fibers running parallel to eachother and the central tendon
Pennate
Muscles which approach a central tendon obliquely
Series
Muscle tendons are an example of _______ elastic component
Parallel
Muscular connective tissue and actin/myosin are examples of ________ elastic component
elasticity
temporarily stores part of the energy used to create a stretch; helps prevent injury during maximal elongation
Viscosity
rate-dependent resistance encountered between surfaces of adjacent fluid-like tissues
Isometric force
Internal torque = external torque…no movement. Maximum is often used as a general indicator of a muscle’s peak strength and can indicate motor recovery.
Henneman Size Principle
Smaller motor units are recruited first
Rate coding
rate of excitation - muscle fiber twitch lasts longer than action potential, summating and generating more peak force
2
training causes hypertrophy in all fibers, but greatest in type ___ fibers
single
Single or double joint muscles show more rapid atrophy when a limb is immobilized?
Sarcopenia
a reduction in actual number of muscle fibers and decrease in size (atrophy)
isotonic
muscle contracts against a mechanical system which provides a constant load as the body segment moves against this constant load
isokinetic
dynamic contraction with varying resistance - force exerted varies according to physiological and leverage factors
Newton’s First Law
law of inertia - body remains at rest or in motion except when changed by an outside source
inertia
related to the amount of energy required to alter the velocity of a body
Newton’s Second Law
law of acceleration - acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force causing it
momentum
quantity of motion possessed by a body (Mass x velocity)
impulse
what is required to change the momentum of a body (Force x time)
power
rate of work - speed at which work is performed (Work divided by time)
Newton’s Third Law
action-reaction - for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Circumduction
Combination of movement of the 2 available degrees of freedom in the wrist
Capitate
axis of both wrist flexion/extension and ulnar/radial deviation goes through:
40
Functional wrist flexion/extension: ___ degrees
30
Functional wrist ulnar deviation: ___ degrees
10
Functional wrist radial deviation: ___ degrees
10/15/2010
Surgical wrist fusion requires an average position of ______ degrees of extension, and ___ degrees of ulnar deviation
full extension
close-packed position of the wrist
lunate
most frequently dislocated carpal bone - no muscle attachments
scaphoid
most frequently fractured carpal bone
EPB, AbPL
1st extensor compartment
ECRL, ECRB
2nd extensor compartment
EPL
3rd extensor compartment
ED, EI
4th extensor compartment
EDM
5th extensor compartment
ECU
6th extensor compartment
30, extension
Maximal grip force occurs at ___ degrees wrist ________
tennis elbow
inflammation of the common extensor tendon, repetitive activities, pain while gripping
FCR, FCU, PL
3 primary wrist flexors
EDP, EDS, FPL
3 primary wrist extensors
70
wrist flexors are ___% stronger than extensors
labrum
fibrocartilage ring encircling the glenoid fossa - adds up 50% of the depth
extensors, adductors, flexors, abductors, IR, ER
Rank the 6 shoulder muscle groups (strongest -> weakest)
coracoclavicular ligaments
Most commonly damaged structure with AC separations
supraspinatus
most commonly torn rotator cuff muscle
35
scapular plane: ___ degrees
30
humeral retroversion: ___ degrees
20
clavicular plane: ___ degrees
45
elevation of the clavicle: ___ degrees
10
depression of the clavicle: ___ degrees
15-30
protraction/retraction of the clavicle: ___ degrees
20-35
posterior rotation of the clavicle: ___ degrees
30, upward
the AC joint has ___ degrees of ________ rotation in the frontal plane
170-175
normal genu valgum: _______ degrees on external side
lateral bands
popliteus attaches to the ________ meniscus
both
Do the quadriceps/semimembranosus attach to both, one, or neither menisci
2.1
ER > IR at the knee by a ratio of ____
inferior
with the knee flexed to 20 degrees, the ______ facet of the patella is in contact with the femur
middle
with the knee flexed to 60 degrees, the _____ facet of the patella is in contact with the femur
superior
with the knee flexed to 90 degrees, the _____ facet of the patella is in contact with the femur
lateral
with the knee flexed to 135 degrees, the _____ facet of the patella is in contact with the femur
sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus
pes anserine group
biceps femoris
the LCL blends distally with the
valgus
anterior MCL provides restraint against
85, anterior
ACL provides ___% passive resistance to ________ tibial translation
flexion
Majority of the PCL becomes taut at extreme ________
95, posterior
PCL provides ___ % passive resistance to ________ translation
vastus lateralis
largest of the quadriceps muscles
80, 20
vastus group provides ____% of knee extension torque, rectus femoris provides ___ %
45-60
Internal torque for knee extension is maximal at ____ degrees of flexion
iliotibial band, lateral patellar retinacular fibers
lateral-directed forces of the patella
medial patellar retinacular fibers, vastus medialis
medial-directed forces of the patella
45
internal moment arm for the knee flexors is greatest at ____ degrees
<125
coxa vara angle:
> 125
coxa valga angle:
15
normal hip anteversion:
midstance
the femoral head is in contact with the acetabulum most in which phase of gait?
35
center-edge angle
20
acetabular anteversion
extension
close-packed position of the hip
90 flexion, abduction, ER
maximal hip joint congruency: ___ degrees of __________ with moderate ______ and _______
60
intracapsular pressure of the hip is least at ___ degrees of flexion
adductor magnus
muscle with the largest hip extension moment arm
extensors, flexors, adductors, abductors, IR, ER
rank the 6 hip muscle groups (strongest -> weakest)
2nd and 3rd MC
keystone of the longitudinal arch
capitate
keystone of the proximal transverse arch of the hand
70 flexion
MCP close packed position
boutonniere
deformity with flexion of the PIP, extension of the DIP
swan-neck
deformity with extension at the PIP, flexion at the DIP
18, carrying angle
normal cubitus valgus angle: ___ degrees; also known as ______________
80 flexion
position of comfort for the elbow
30-130
functional range for the elbow
distraction
oblique cord prevents __________ of the radius
50-50
functional supination/pronation range
90
flexor torque of the elbow is greatest at ___ degrees
20-30, lateral
natural tibial torsion = _____ degrees (medially or laterally?)
eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion
pronation involves:
inversion, adduction, plantarflexion
supination involves:
chopart’s joint
mid-tarsal joint is also known as:
2nd
the ___ ray serves as a stable pillar of the foot
