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Responding to Symptoms > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major types of cough?

A
  • Productive (chesty)
  • Non-productive (tickly, dry)
  • Congested (tight, hard cough)
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2
Q

What are the most common causes of coughs?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Allergies
  • Post nasal drip
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3
Q

What are the differential diagnosis and referral points to consider when a patient presents with a cough?

A
  • Wheezing, shortness of breath
  • Dry, night-time cough - especially children (barking cough)
  • Coloured sputum - yellow/green
  • Blood in sputum
  • Cough lasting longer than 3 weeks RED FLAG
  • Pain on inspiration
  • Chest pain
  • Generally unwell, fever
  • Drug induced cough/wheeze (ACE-inhibitors, NSAIDs, beta-blockers)
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4
Q

How do expectorants work? Give examples

A

They aim to remove mucus from chest/airways (e.g Guaifenesin - benylin chesty)

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5
Q

How do cough suppressants (anti-tussives) work? Give examples

A

Suppresses cough (e.g codiene, pholcodeine, dextromethorphan)

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6
Q

How do demulcents work?

A

Coats the pharynx so prevents coughing (e.g simple linctus, honey and lemon)

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7
Q

What ages should codeine containing products be recommended in?

A

Over 18s only

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8
Q

What are the most common cause of sore throats?

A

Viruses. (only 10% are caused by bacteria)

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9
Q

How do you know if a sore throat is caused by bacteria?

A
  • Marked tonsillar exudate
  • Tender glands
  • Fever over 39.4C
  • No cough and duration > 7 days
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10
Q

What are the referral symptoms for a sore throat?

A
  • Adverse drug reaction (e.g. carbimazole) - associated skin rash
  • Duration >7
  • Dysphagia
  • Symptoms suggestive of bacterial infection
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11
Q

What treatment is available OTC for a sore throat?

A

Generally symptomatic relief is all that is needed

  • Lidocaine, Benzocaine (local anaesthetics)
  • Chlorohexidine, Tyrothricin (anti-bacterials)
  • Benzydamine (anti-inflammatories)
  • Paracetamol, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Flurbiprofen (Analgesics)
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12
Q

What should you no longer recommend for sore throats?

A

Codeine and Dihydrocodiene products

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13
Q

How do you differentiate between the common cold and influenza?

A

A cold is usually accompanied by sore throat, sneezing, nasal discharge, congestion, cough, fever, headache, malaise and will last for up to 14 days

A fever will usually present with shivers, chills, malaise, aching of limbs, insomnia, non-productive cough and a loss of appetite

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14
Q

What are the referral symptoms for a cold?

A
  • Facial pain/severe frontal headache
  • Ear pain originating from the middle ear
  • Patients with symptoms that indicate flu
  • Persistent fever
  • Chest pain (RED FLAG)
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15
Q

How do you treat the common cold OTC?

A
  • Analgesics
  • Decongestants
  • Anti-histamines
  • Cough syrups
  • Vitamin C and zinc?
  • Echinacea
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16
Q

How can anti-histamines help the common cold?

A

They can lesson the symptoms of sneezing and a runny nose/post nasal drip. (occurs due to anti-cholinergic actions)

17
Q

What differential diagnosis points do you need to consider for allergic rhinitis?

A
  • Family history of atopic conditions maybe present
  • Present with symptoms of nasal itching, sneezing, nasal congestion, ocular irritation
  • Symptoms peak in the morning and evening, and when hot and humid
  • Ensure that it isn’t cold or flu
18
Q

What are the referral symptoms for allergic rhinitis?

A
  • Wheezing/shortness of breath
  • Treatment failure
  • Unilateral discharge (especially in children)
19
Q

What OTC treatment is available for allergic rhinitis?

A
  • Allergen avoidance (first line)
  • Antihistamines
  • Corticosteroids (intranasal)
  • Mast cell stabilisers (intranasal and ocular)
  • Decongestants (intranasal and systemic)
20
Q

Which antihistamines are sedating?

A

Chlorphenamine

21
Q

Which antihistamines are non-sedating?

A
  • Loratadine
  • Cetirizine
  • Acrivastine (over 12s)
  • Benadryl plus (contrains pseudoephedrine)
22
Q

Which antihistamines are available as eye drops?

A

Levocabastine and Antazoline

23
Q

What ages are corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis allowed to be used in?

A

over 18s

24
Q

What is an example of a mast cell stabiliser?

A

Sodium cromoglycate (requires frequent administration e.g. 4 times a day)

Responding to Symptoms (7 decks)

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