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Responding to Symptoms > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

0
Q

What age range do neonates come under?

A

Birth to 1 month (unless premature)

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1
Q

Why is it important to always give the patient options?

A

The patient is a child and so may no be able to e.g swallow tablets

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2
Q

What age range do infants come under?

A

1 month to 2 years

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3
Q

What age range do children come under?

A

2 to 12 years

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4
Q

What age range do adolescents come under?

A

12 to 18 years

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5
Q

At what point do you class a premature baby as a neonate?

A

When they reach the day they were expected

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6
Q

Which cough and cold remedies do the MHRA advice against in children under 6?

A
  • Brompheniramine, Chlorphenamine and Diphenhydramine
  • Dextromethorphan and Pholcodeine
  • Guaifenesin and Ipecacuanha
  • Phenylephrine, Pseudoephedrine, Ephedrine, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline

They can be used in children 6-12 but only be treated with advice from the pharmacist and product packaging.

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7
Q

What can Napkin Dermatitis (Nappy Rash) be caused by?

A

Urea (ammonia) and faeces with irritate the skin and cause discomfort.

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8
Q

Where abouts do the lesions for Napkin Dermatitis present?

A

Normally only on the bottom itself. It wouldn’t present in skin folds in e.g the legs or arms (could be fungal infection or something else - referral needed).

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9
Q 
Differential Diagnosis: Irritant Dermatitis
Flexure?
Satellite lesions?
Other sites affected?
Rash?
A

Flexure: No
Satellite lesions: No
Other sites affected: No
Rash: Red raw

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10
Q 
Differential Diagnosis: Candidiasis
Flexure?
Satellite lesions?
Other sites affected?
Rash?
A

Flexure: Yes
Satellite lesions: Yes
Other sites affected: Yes
Rash: Bright red and well demarcated (clear boundary)

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11
Q 
Differential Diagnosis: Seborrhoeic Dermatitis
Flexure?
Satellite lesions?
Other sites affected?
Rash?
A

Flexure: Yes
Satellite lesions: No
Other sites affected: Yes
Rash: Shiny or greasy

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12
Q 
Differential Diagnosis: Psoriasis Dermatitis
Flexure?
Satellite lesions?
Other sites affected?
Rash?
A

Flexure: Yes
Satellite lesions: No
Other sites affected: Yes
Rash: Often no scaling present

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13
Q

What are the referral symptoms for Nappy Rash

A

Severe rash
Signs of bacterial infection
Treatment failure following 7 days of appropriate treatment
Psoriasis

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14
Q

What are the treatment options for napkin dermatitis (nappy rash)

A

Barrier preparations (to try and reduce skin irritation)

  • Zinc containing products e.g Zinc & Castor oil, Sudocrem, Vasogen
  • Titanium containing products e.g Metanium
  • Dimethicone products (protect against water) e.g Conotrane, Siopel

Metallic products repel the water from the skin and causes a protective layer, protecting against faeces and urea.

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15
Q

What advice would you give to a patient with napkin dermatitis (nappy rash)

A
  • Avoid coarse towelling materials
  • Use quality nappies to maintain dry nappy/skin interface
  • Change nappies frequently
  • Allow skin to breathe whenever possible
  • Avoid powder preparations
  • Use fragrance and alcohol free wipes
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16
Q

What is the incubation period of chicken pox?

A

10-20 days

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17
Q

What are the first symptoms to show when a patient is infected with chicken pox?

A

Fever, headache and sore throat followed by a rash a few days later

18
Q

How long is a child with chicken pox contagious for?

A

Usually for the first 3 days after the rash appears until the vesicles have crusted over

19
Q

Where abouts on the body is the chicken pox rash most common?

A

The face, front and back rather than at the extremities

20
Q

What are the referral symptoms for chicken pox?

A
  • Secondary infection due to scratching (S aureas)
  • Signs of a chest infection
  • Severely ill
  • Any signs of chicken pox in pregnancy or new born (<4 weeks old)
  • Coexisting conditions
  • Dehydration (ensure children drink plenty of water!)
21
Q

What is the usual suggested treatment for chicken pox?

A

Purely symptomatic

  • Antipyretics
  • Antihistamines
  • Calamine lotion

Lifestyle advice

22
Q

The resurgence of the chicken pox virus can cause what?

A

Shingles

23
Q

What are the characteristic features of shingles?

A
  • Follows a particular line where the infected nerves are

- Pain can be severe (sharp, stabbing or burning pain)

24
Q

When do you refer shingles?

A

Always (nothing is available OTC)

- If on the face, more urgent medical attention is neededd

25
Q

How long is the incubation period of measles?

A

10 days

26
Q

Infants under what age are not affected by measles?

A

4 months

27
Q

How long is a patient with measles infectious for?

A

4 days before the onset of the rash and until 5 days after it disappears

28
Q

What are Koplik’s spots?

A

Little white grainy spots inside the mouth

29
Q

Is measles a problem in pregnant women?

A

Yes! it can damage the foetus and cause premature birth

30
Q

What are the pro-dromal symptoms of measles?

A
  • Fever (39C)
  • Cough and cold
  • Sore throat (swollen lymph nodes)
  • Reddish eyes
  • Sensitivity to light
  • Koplik’s spots
31
Q

How does the measles rash develop?

A

Emerges red, confluent and starts at the hair line and progresses rapidly over 24-48 hours to cover the whole body (lasting for 3 days)

32
Q

What are the complications of measles?

A
  • Otitis media
  • Pneumonia
  • Febrile convulsions
  • Encephalitis
  • More severe in adults and pregnant women
33
Q

What is the incubation period of Mumps and how long is it before the patient is contagious?

A

14-25 Days and the patient is contagious a week before symptoms show.

34
Q

What are the symptoms of Mumps?

A
  • Begins with 2 days of discomfort
  • Increasing temperature (up to 40C)
  • Head ache, Ear ache, Sore throat and pain on opening mouth
  • Jaw stiffness
  • Swollen parotid glands
  • Earlobes may stick out
  • Face looks swollen
  • Mild cases last 3-4 days, most cases 7 days or more
35
Q

What are the complications of Mumps?

A

Orchitis (swelling of testes)
Oophoritis
Pancreatitis
Meningitis

36
Q

How do you confirm an infestation of headlice?

A

Physical presence of a louse or egg on the scalp (not a ‘nit’ i.e a dead case)

37
Q

What are the 3 types of treatment option for headlice?

A

Wet combing
Physical insecticide
Chemical insecticide

38
Q

What are the two drugs available OTC for the treatment of threadworm?

A

Mebendazole and Piperazine

39
Q

How does mebendazole work?

A

inhibits the worms uptake of glucose

40
Q

How does Piperazine (Pripsen) work?

A

It paralyses the worm and is combined with senna to expel the worm

41
Q

What are the referral symptoms for a fever?

A
  • Child under 3 months
  • Child 3-6 months with fever over 39C
  • Fever with no other symptoms
  • Febrile convulsions
  • Purpuric rash
  • Stiff neck
  • Duration > 5 days
  • Unresponsive child
  • Signs of dehydration
42
Q

How do you treat a fever?

A

Paracetamol or Ibuprofen > 3 months old

Paracetamol can be used in 2 month old in certain situations

43
Q

How long should vomiting last in infancy before it is worrying?

A

> 24 hours or contains bile

Responding to Symptoms (7 decks)

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