Respiratory Flashcards
What nerve can be damaged during a tracheostomy?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
What muscle must be separated at midline during tracheostomy?
Sternohyoid muscle
Risk factors associated with aspiration pneumonia
GI: refractory vomiting, pancreatitis, intussusception, FB, ileus Anesthesia Esophageal disease: megaesophagus, motility dz, hiatal hernia, stricture, esophagitis Neuro: polyneuropathy, myasthenia gravis, seizures, prolonged recumbency Cricopharyngeal dyssynchrony Muscular dystrophy Oropharyngeal dysphagia Laryngeal disease
Causes of lobar alveolar consolidation
aspiration pneumonia lung lobe torsion atelectasis secondary to mucus plugging
Causes of focal alveolar consolidation
Airway foreign body Primary pulmonary neoplasia Metastatic neoplasia NCPE
Causes of diffuse alveolar pattern
ARDS CHF Fluid overload Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy Coagulopathy Metastatic neoplasia
Causes of diffuse or focal interstitial pattern
early bacteria pneumonia Imminent CHF Pneumocystitis carinii infection Inhalant Toxicity Viral pneumonia
Bacteria commonly isolated from airway samples of canine pneumonia patients
B bronchiseptica (22-49%) E coli (11-17%) Klebsiella pneumoniae (2-6%) Pasteurella (3-21%) Mycoplasma (30-70%) Streptococcus (6-13%) Staphylococcus (14%) Anaerobes (5-17%)
Reasons to AVOID bronchodilators
May worsen V/Q mismatch May allow exudates to spread Inotropic/vasodilator effects may increase perfusion to poorly ventilated units May prevent hypoxic vasoconstriction may suppress cough reflex
Reasons to GIVE bronchodilators
Antiinflammatory -inhibit mast cell degranulation -decrease microvascular permeability and leak -increase mucociliary transport speed Respiratory stimulant Increase diaphragm contractility Increase resistance of diaphragm fatigue
5 classification of pulmonary hypertension
- pulmonary arterial hypertension 2. left-sided heart disease 3. lung disease and/or hypoxemia 4. chronic thrombotic/embolic disease 5. Miscellaneous
For canine pyothorax, what are the most common OBLIGATE ANAEROBES?
peptostreptococcus, bacteroides, fuesobacterium, prevotella, porphyromonas
For canine pyothorax, what are the most common AEROBES?
Pasteurella, e. coli, actinomyces, streptococcus (S. canis), and staphylococcus
MOA of doxapram
General CNS stimulant - direct stimulation of medullary respiratory center possibly through reflex activation of carotid and aortic chemoreceptors
Paradoxical laryngeal motion is defined as?
INward movement of the arytenoids secondary to negative pressure generated upon inspiration
How much resistance to airflow during inspiration is from the nose in normal dogs?
80%
What is the most important aspect of surgery for brachycephalic airway syndrome?
widening of the nares
What is a possible alternative to permanent tracheostomy in dogs with tracheal COLLAPSE
cricoarytenoid lateralization with thyroarytenoid caudolateralization
What % of cats with nasopharyngeal disease have nasopharyngeal polyps?
28%
Traction-avulsion is the most simple way to remove nasopharyngeal polyps, but is associated with what recurrence rate?
40 to 50%
What is the recommended treatment for nasopharyngeal polyps?
ventral bulla osteotomy
Radiographs misdiagnosed the location of tracheal collapse in what % of dogs?
44%
what bacteria may be cultured from the airway of normal dogs?
pasteurella, staphylococcus, streptococcus, klebsiella
What are the most common bacteria associated with tracheal collapse?
pseudomonas, pasteurella, e coli, staphyloccoci