Respiratory Flashcards
external respiration
gas exchange between lungs and blood
internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and tissues
function respiratory system
respiration
blood ph regulation
sound production
olfaction/ smell
protection - cilia
divisions
structural - upper & lower
functional - conducting ( nose to terminal bronchioles) & respiratory (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct & alveoli)
nasal cavity new bits
conchae s m i
meatuses s m i
increase SA, create turbulence allowing temp regulate
pharynx parts
choana - nasal cavity to nasophyarynx
nasopharynx - choana to uvula
oropharynx - uvula to epiglottis (join air food)
laryngopharynx - epiglottis to esophagus
larynx
voice box
between pharynx and trachea
made of 9 cartilages
3 unpaired - thyroid/adam (big shield), cricoid, epiglottis
3 paired - arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
ligaments/ vocal cord
true vocal cords
false/ vestibular vocal cords
opening between is glottis
trachea
tough but flexible
10-12cm long, 2 cm diameter
15-20 C shape hyaline cartilage rings w smooth muscle in-between
carina
where trachea separates into broncus
tracheobronchial tree parts
primary/ main
secondary/ lobar 2 left 3 right
tertiary/ segmental 10 each side
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
16 generations
lobes
right - superior middle inferior
left - superior inferior
tracheobronchial tree change
decrease passageway diameter
decrease cartilage - rings –> irregular cartilage plates –> elastic fibres
increase in smooth muscle
change in epithelium - pseudo stratified columnar –> simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
respiratory alveoli
on the branches
very few
hilum
indentation on medial surface, entry/exit point
alveoli two type epithelium
pnuemocytes
type 1 simple squamous - gas exchange
type 2 simple cuboidal - secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant (like detergent)
dust cells alveoli
alveolar macrophages
remove fine dust and debris
respiratory membrane
3 layers 0.5/1 micrometers~
alveolar epithelium,
fused alveola and capillary basement membrane
capillary endothelium
diffusion coefficient
how easily a gas can diffuse out of a liquid
relative number
oxygen exchange in body
external: alveoli to blood
internal: blood to tissues
co2 exchange in body
external: blood to alveoli
internal: tissues to blood
active breathing
muscles inhalation
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
scalene muscle
pectoralis minor
sternocleidomastoid
active breathing
muscles exhalation
relax inspiratory muscles
elastic recoil of lungs, surface tension
internal intercostal
abs
inspiratory capacity
the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after normal expiration
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
functional residual capacity
amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
total lung capacity
graph
inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + residual volume
respiratory rate
number of breaths taken per minute
minute ventilation
total amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute
(tidal volume x respiratory rate)
anatomic dead space
*
space formed by nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
alveolar ventilation*
volume of air available for gas exchange per minute
forced vital capacity (FVC)
max volume of air that can be forcefully expired as fast as possible after a deep breath in
forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV_1sec)
volume of air expired in the first second of the test
forced expiratory volume 1% (FEV_1%)
FEV_1sec expressed as a percentage of the FVC
dynamic lung test
lung volume in relation to time
dependent on rate of flow of air
usu determined during repetitive breathing
diagnose obstructive lung disease
static lung test
independent of rate of air flow
determine during one max inspiration/expiration
5 static volume: tidal, inspiratory reserve v, expiatory reserve v, inspiratory and vital capacity
obstructive
(chart /)
FVC normal
FEV1sec low
lung volume normal, air way narrow
asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
Restrictive
(chart—)
FVC low
FEV1sec low
FEV1% normal
restricted airway
overall lung volume decrease
pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, emphysema
exercise ventilation adaption
slight increase vital capacity
slight decrease residual volume
max exercise, tidal volume and minute ventilation increases
