Respiratory Flashcards
What is cystic fibrosis?
defective chloride transporter; meconium ileum, steatorrhea, bronchiectasis
What is obstructive lung disease?
mucus filled lungs can’t get air OUT; ratio decreased (< 80%)
What is the Light Criteria?
Effusion protein/ serum protein > 0.5
Effusion LDH/ serum LDH > 0.6
Effusion LDH > 2/3 upper limit of normal serum LDH
one or more = exudate
What is asthma?
chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
characterized by variable and recurring symptoms;
wheezing on expiration;
elevated IgE and eosinophils
What is restrictive lung disease?
small stiff lungs; can’t get air IN;
ratio normal or increased (>/= 80%)
Whats disease have metabolic alkalosis?
low volume states = vomiting, diuretics, GI blood loss
Who gets anthracosis?
coal workers (extensive fibrosis)
What does tracheal deviation tell you?
if its moves away, tension pneumothorax.
if it moves toward, atelectasis.
What is croup?
respiratory condition that is usually triggered by an
acute viral infection of the upper airway;
steeple sign on x-ray;
barking cough
What is bronchitis?
increased sputum production
What causes transudate effusions?
increased hydrostatic pressure (CHF), or decreased colloid osmotic pressure (cirrhosis, nephrosis)
What is bronchiolitis?
asthma in kids less than 2 years old
Who gets berylliosis?
radio/ TV repairmen, aerospace manufacturers, beryllium miners, or fluorescent light manufacturers
What is tracheomalacia?
soft cartilage and stridor since birth
Who gets silicosis?
sandblasters and glassblowers
What causes exudate effusions?
infection,
malignancy,
PE,
collagen vascular diseases
What are the pulmonary eosinophilia syndromes?
Churg-Strauss, Loeffler’s, Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Who gets asbestosis?
shipyard workers, pipe fitters, brake mechanics, insulation installers
clues for typical pneumonia
short illness,
high fever,
usually > 40y,
one-lobe;
usually strep
What is the difference between carotid body and carotid sinus?
Body = chemoreceptor
Sinus = baroreceptor
clues for atypical pneumonia
prolonged illness,
low fever,
usually > 40y,
diffuse;
usually haemophilis, mycoplasma, or chlamydia
What do fremitus, egophany, and bronchophany tell you?
consolidation (pathognomonic for pneumonia)
What is a blue bloater?
chronic bronchitis
Where is a Bochdalek hernia?
occur more commonly on the posterior left side of the diaphragm; most common congenital diaphragmatic hernia
What does auscultation of crackles tell you?
blowing collapsed alveoli open (restrictive lung disease)
What is epiglottitis?
inflammation of epiglottis, thumb sign on x-ray, excessive drooling
What diseases have hemoptysis (7)?
bronchiectasis,
bronchitis,
pneumonia,
TB,
lung cancer,
Goodpasture’s,
Wegener’s
What is laryngomalacia?
epiglottis rolls in from side to side
How do you get aspergillosis?
mold, compost piles, associated with peanuts (aflatoxin)
What diseases have respiratory acidosis?
obstructive lung diseases
What drugs cause pulmonary eosinophilia?
nitrofurantoin and sulfonamides
What is seen with sarcoidosis?
non-caseating granulomas w| epithelioid histiocytes
eggshell calcifications around lymph nodes
increased ACE levels
hypercalciuria
hypervitaminosis D
What does dullness to percussion tell you?
something is between the airspace and chest wall absorbing the sound
How do you detect a pulmonary embolus?
tachypnea,
increased V/Q scan,
ECG may show signs of right heart strain of acute cor pulmonale in cases of large PEs (S1Q3T3)
Where is a Morgagni hernia?
anterior/ middle of the diaphragm; bowel sounds in thorax; seen on ultrasound in utero; surgery to fix immediately after birth
What does auscultation of stridor tell you?
extra thoracic narrowing (seen on inspiration on X-ray)
What does auscultation of rhonchi tell you?
mucus in the airway (obstructive lung disease)
What diseases have metabolic acidosis?
MUDPILES and diarrhea
Methanol, Uraemia, Diabetes, Paraldehyde, Iron (and Isoniazid), Lactate, Ethylene glycol, and Salicylate
What is seen with squamous cell lung cancer?
seen in smokers; high PTH and high calcium
What are the 4 clinical findings seen in
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
Temperature > 100.4 or < 96.8
HR > 90
RR > 20 or PaCO2 < 32
WBC > 12,000 or < 4,000 or 10% bands
What is a pink puffer?
emphysema
What is cardiac tamponade?
decreased breath sounds,
decreased blood pressure,
distant heart sounds,
distended jugular veins
What is emphysema?
Obstructive disease;
also occurs with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
What is bronchoalveolar cancer?
looks like pneumonia; due to pneumoconiosis, occurs in non-smokers
What disease has a steeple sign on neck films?
croup
What diseases have respiratory alkalosis?
restrictive lung diseases,
anxiety,
pregnancy,
gram-negative sepsis,
pulmonary emboli
What are the risks for lung cancer?
smoking,
radon,
secondhand smoke,
pneumoconiosis (except anthrocosis)
What is bronchiectasis?
bad breath, purulent sputum, and hemoptysis
What is tracheitis?
acute upper respiratory infections; patients look toxic, grey pseudomembrane, leukocytosis
What is pneumothorax?
absent breath sounds on one side
Who gets byssinosis?
cotton workers and textile workers
What does auscultation of wheezing tell you?
intra thoracic narrowing (seen on expiration on x-ray)
What is seen with carcinoid syndrome?
B3-FDR =
Bronchospasm (wheezing),
3- Niacin deficiency
Flushing,
Diarrhea,
Right sided heart issues; (endocardial fibrosis/thickening of heart valves)
What is seen with small cell lung cancer?
Located at carina; malignant
Cushing’s syndrome,
SIADH,
SVC syndrome,
LEMS (lambert eaton myasthenic syndrome)
What does hyperresonance tell you?
air in that region of the lungs
What is pneumonia?
consolidation of airway
What is color of air on x-ray?
black = radiolucent
What is the color of fluid or a solid of x-ray?
white = radiopaque
What is Virchow’s node?
left supraclavicular lymph node
–associated with gastric cancer–
What is sinusitis?
inflammation of the paranasal sinuses; tooth pain worsens upon bending forward
