Respiratory

Question 1

What is a nasal cavity?

Answer 1

defined role in filtering and humidifying air for presentation to the lower airway.

Question 2

Pharynx

Answer 2

receives air from the nose or the mouth and then moves the air past the epiglottis into the larynx. In the digestive system, it receives food from the mouth and moves it into the esophagus.

Question 3

Trachea

Answer 3

large tube reinforced by cartilage rings that keep it from collapsing., Connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs.

Question 4

Bronchi

Answer 4

Receive inspired air from the trachea and move it into the bronchioles.

Question 5

Bronchioles

Answer 5

Connect the bronchi to the alveoli of the lungs, Bronchioles have a layer of smooth muscle which allows bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, regulating the amount of air reaching the alveoli.

Question 6

Alveoli

Answer 6

Site of gas exchange

Question 7

Epiglottis

Answer 7

a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

Question 8

Glottis

Answer 8

the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.

Question 9

Larynx

Answer 9

hollow structure connected to the top of the trachea and is the passage through which inspired air moves into the bronchi of the lungs.

Question 10

Diaphragm

Answer 10

skeletal muscle associated with quiet (normal) breathing that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Question 11

Pleura

Answer 11

serous double membrane that protects the lungs.

Question 12

Ventilation

Answer 12

movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs → consist of two cyclic phases: inspiration & expiration.

Question 13

Diffusion

Answer 13

process of gas exchange, passive transport, oxygen moves into the blood from lungs, CO2 in the blood moves into lungs

Question 14

Partial Pressure

Answer 14

pressure of a single gas in a mixture of gases

Question 15

Boyle’s Law

Answer 15

volume is inversely related to pressure

Question 16

Pulmonary Arteries are the only arteries carrying _______. Pulmonary veins are the only veins carrying _______.

Answer 16

deoxygenated blood; oxygenated blood

Question 17

Where is the pulmonary trunk located?

Answer 17

Base of pulmonary artery… right above the left ventricle?

Question 18

Identify the parts of the nervous system that control breathing.

Question 19

Describe the concept of surface tension and how it affects the alveolus.

Question 20

Describe the role of surfactant in the alveolus.

Question 21

Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

Question 22

Describe how carbon dioxide and pH are related.

Question 23

Describe how respiratory acidosis and alkalosis relate to breathing.

Question 24

Phrenic Nerve

Answer 24

nerve controlling diaphragm

Question 25

Pons

Answer 25

middle portion of brainstem

Question 26

medulla oblongata

Answer 26

lower portion of the brainstem

Question 27

type 1 alveolar cells

Answer 27

mucous secreting cells lining inside of alveolus

Question 28

type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 28

surfactant secreting cells lining inside of the alveolus

Question 29

surfactant

Answer 29

substance secreted by type 2 alveolar cells that helps reduce surface tension

Question 30

surface tension

Answer 30

force created by weak bonds between water molecules

Question 31

carbonic acid

Answer 31

weak acid that forms from carbon dioxide and water

Question 32

respiratory acidosis

Answer 32

acidic condition in the blood caused by increased carbon dioxide

Question 33

respiratory alkalosis

Answer 33

alkaline condition in blood caused by decreased carbon dioxide

Question 34

Parts of the brainstem involved in breathing

Answer 34

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 35

What is carbaminohemoglobin and what does it do?

Answer 35

CO2 combined with hemoglobin; transports 23% of CO2

Question 36

What is bicarbonate ion and what does it do?

Answer 36

CO2+carbonic anhydrase-> carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions; bicarbonate ions carry the majority of carbon dioxide from out of the red blood cells into the plasma.

Question 37

Where is there a low PCO2?

Answer 37

alveoli, so CO2 is released by the lungs

Question 38

Where is there high PCO2?

Answer 38

in the tissues or red blood cells, so CO2 gets stored in the bicarbonate ion

Question 39

influenza

Answer 39

viral disorder that affects upper or lower resp systems or both; carried by viruses

Question 40

pneumonia

Answer 40

viral or bacterial infection characterized by fluid buildup in lungs

Question 41

tuberculosis

Answer 41

infectious bacterial disease of lungs that can affect other parts of body; caused by bacterium and causes hemoptysis

Question 42

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Answer 42

bronchitis and emphysema; leads to decreased gas exchange in the lungs

Question 43

spirometry

Answer 43

test for volumes of air entering and exiting lungs, measures air flow

Question 44

Tidal Volume

Answer 44

amount of air entering/exiting during restful breathing

Question 45

asthma attack

Answer 45

excess mucous produced, muscle bands constrict narrowing airway, irritants trapped in mucous, tissue within bronchiole swells

Question 46

Pneumonia affects the alveoli by…

Answer 46

preventing oxygen from reaching the blood stream due to fluid filling up in the air spaces in alveoli

Question 47

Vital capacity

Answer 47

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; maximal amount air that can enter/exit lungs in one breath; 4800 ml in males, 3400 ml in females

Question 48

inspiratory capacity

Answer 48

after resting inhalation and exhalation, the amount of air that can move into the lungs

Question 49

functional residual capacity

Answer 49

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume; air remaining in lungs after a resting inhalation and exhalation