Respiratory Flashcards
What is a nasal cavity?
defined role in filtering and humidifying air for presentation to the lower airway.
Pharynx
receives air from the nose or the mouth and then moves the air past the epiglottis into the larynx. In the digestive system, it receives food from the mouth and moves it into the esophagus.
Trachea
large tube reinforced by cartilage rings that keep it from collapsing., Connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs.
Bronchi
Receive inspired air from the trachea and move it into the bronchioles.
Bronchioles
Connect the bronchi to the alveoli of the lungs, Bronchioles have a layer of smooth muscle which allows bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, regulating the amount of air reaching the alveoli.
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Epiglottis
a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.
Glottis
the part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.
Larynx
hollow structure connected to the top of the trachea and is the passage through which inspired air moves into the bronchi of the lungs.
Diaphragm
skeletal muscle associated with quiet (normal) breathing that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Pleura
serous double membrane that protects the lungs.
Ventilation
movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs → consist of two cyclic phases: inspiration & expiration.
Diffusion
process of gas exchange, passive transport, oxygen moves into the blood from lungs, CO2 in the blood moves into lungs
Partial Pressure
pressure of a single gas in a mixture of gases
Boyle’s Law
volume is inversely related to pressure
Pulmonary Arteries are the only arteries carrying _______. Pulmonary veins are the only veins carrying _______.
deoxygenated blood; oxygenated blood
Where is the pulmonary trunk located?
Base of pulmonary artery… right above the left ventricle?
Identify the parts of the nervous system that control breathing.
Describe the concept of surface tension and how it affects the alveolus.
Describe the role of surfactant in the alveolus.
Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.
Describe how carbon dioxide and pH are related.
Describe how respiratory acidosis and alkalosis relate to breathing.
Phrenic Nerve
nerve controlling diaphragm
Pons
middle portion of brainstem
medulla oblongata
lower portion of the brainstem
type 1 alveolar cells
mucous secreting cells lining inside of alveolus
type 2 alveolar cells
surfactant secreting cells lining inside of the alveolus
surfactant
substance secreted by type 2 alveolar cells that helps reduce surface tension
surface tension
force created by weak bonds between water molecules
carbonic acid
weak acid that forms from carbon dioxide and water
respiratory acidosis
acidic condition in the blood caused by increased carbon dioxide
respiratory alkalosis
alkaline condition in blood caused by decreased carbon dioxide
Parts of the brainstem involved in breathing
midbrain, pons, medulla
What is carbaminohemoglobin and what does it do?
CO2 combined with hemoglobin; transports 23% of CO2
What is bicarbonate ion and what does it do?
CO2+carbonic anhydrase-> carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions; bicarbonate ions carry the majority of carbon dioxide from out of the red blood cells into the plasma.
Where is there a low PCO2?
alveoli, so CO2 is released by the lungs
Where is there high PCO2?
in the tissues or red blood cells, so CO2 gets stored in the bicarbonate ion
influenza
viral disorder that affects upper or lower resp systems or both; carried by viruses
pneumonia
viral or bacterial infection characterized by fluid buildup in lungs
tuberculosis
infectious bacterial disease of lungs that can affect other parts of body; caused by bacterium and causes hemoptysis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
bronchitis and emphysema; leads to decreased gas exchange in the lungs
spirometry
test for volumes of air entering and exiting lungs, measures air flow
Tidal Volume
amount of air entering/exiting during restful breathing
asthma attack
excess mucous produced, muscle bands constrict narrowing airway, irritants trapped in mucous, tissue within bronchiole swells
Pneumonia affects the alveoli by…
preventing oxygen from reaching the blood stream due to fluid filling up in the air spaces in alveoli
Vital capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; maximal amount air that can enter/exit lungs in one breath; 4800 ml in males, 3400 ml in females
inspiratory capacity
after resting inhalation and exhalation, the amount of air that can move into the lungs
functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume; air remaining in lungs after a resting inhalation and exhalation