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🧬ATI TEAS 7 Science > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Gyri

A

folds on surface of cerebrum

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2
Q

Sulci

A

grooves between folds of the cerebrum

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3
Q

Fissures

A

deep grooves between the folds of cerebrum

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4
Q

diencephalon

A

area between cerebrum and brainstem

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5
Q

cerebellum

A

portion of the brain in posterior inferior region that processes coordination and movement

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6
Q

proprioception

A

position of joints

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7
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

specialized area in the brain that helps with understanding speech

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8
Q

Broca’s Area

A

specialized area in the brain that has to do with producing meaningful speech

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9
Q

Nerves

A

whitish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to brain or spinal cord, or to the muscles and organs

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10
Q

What does the cell body do?

A

carries genetic information, maintains neuron’s structure, and provides energy for activities

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

Fibrous roots that branch out from cell body, receiving and processing signals from axons of other neurons

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12
Q

Central Nervous System

A

CNS is the processing center of the body; consists of brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical substance that is released at end of nerve fiber by arrival of nerve impulse; when diffused across synapse or junction, causes transfer of impulse to another nerve fiber, muscle fiber, or other structure

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14
Q

axons

A

long, threadlike part of nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from cell body to other cells

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15
Q

axon terminal

A

found at terminal ends of axons; typically where synapses with other neurons take place; neurotransmitters stored there to communicate with other neurons via these synapses

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16
Q

sensory nerves

A

also called afferent nerves; nerve fibers responsible for bringing sensory information from outside world to brain; senses such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, pain, temperature, proprioception

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17
Q

motor nerves

A

also called efferent nerves; transmits impulses from CNS out to peripheral organs to cause an effect or action

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18
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary; part of the peripheral nervous system associated with voluntary control via skeletal muscles

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19
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary; part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes, including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, sexual arousal; contains three anatomically distinct divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

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20
Q

skeletal muscle

A

muscle connected to the skeleton to form part of mechanical system which moves limbs and other parts of body

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21
Q

smooth muscle

A

muscle tissue in which contractile fibrils aren’t highly ordered, occurring in the gut and other organs; not under voluntary control

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22
Q

synapse

A

junction between two nerve cells; minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

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23
Q

myofibrils

A

very fine contractile fibers; groups of myofibrils extend in parallel columns along striated muscle fibers; made of thick and thin myofilaments, which give the muscles striped appearance

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24
Q

sarcomere

A

fundamental unit of contraction; region between two z-lines; consists of central A-band (thick filaments) and two halves of I-band (thin filaments)

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25
Q

actin

A

thin filaments of protein that form with myosin, making up contractile filaments of muscle cells; involved in motion

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26
Q

myosin

A

thick filaments of fibrous protein that form with actin, making up contractile filaments of muscle cells; involved in motion

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27
Q

main parts of the brain

A

outer cerebrum, inner diencephalon

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28
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

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29
Q

cerebrum

A

largest portion of nervous system; two hemispheres with white matter bridge called “corpus callosum”

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30
Q

describe the surface of the cerebrum

A

folds called gyri and sulci (grooves), and deeper grooves called fissures

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31
Q

name the 4 lobes

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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32
Q

frontal lobe involved in:

A

motor movements, concentration, planning, problem solving, smell, emotions

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33
Q

parietal lobes involved in:

A

process sensory information (but not hearing, smell, and vision)

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34
Q

temporal lobes involved in:

A

hearing, smell, memory, abstract thought, making judgments

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35
Q

occipital lobe involved in:

A

processing visual information

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36
Q

name the two fissures and what they divide

A

longitudinal fissure divides parietal lobes, lateral fissure divides temporal & parietal lobes

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37
Q

central sulcus is located:

A

midway on lateral aspect of cerebrum, separating frontal from parietal lobes.

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38
Q

thalamus

A

“relay station”; carries all sensory information to cerebral cortex except sense of smell (carried directly to frontal lobe of cerebral cortex by olfactory nerves); involved in emotions, since connected to the limbic system

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39
Q

examples of sensory information

A

auditory, visual, motor information

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40
Q

location of hypothalamus

A

inferior and anterior to the thalamus

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41
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates hormones (endocrine system); regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sexual drive, involved in emotions, mood, sleep (reticular activating system)

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42
Q

pineal gland

A

small endocrine gland that secretes melatonin; located posterior to the diencephalon

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43
Q

brainstem

A

located between cerebral cortex and spinal cord; consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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44
Q

medulla oblongata

A

most inferior portion of brainstem; controls heart rate, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, blood vessel diameter; contain spinal pathways called “tracts” that connect spinal cord to brain

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45
Q

pons

A

middle section of brainstem; contains spinal cord tracts and nuclei which help control respiration & sleep

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46
Q

midbrain

A

most superior portion of brainstem; helps process motor and hearing information

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47
Q

reticular formation is located:

A

throughout brainstem; regulates sleep-wake cycles

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48
Q

limbic system

A

contains cerebrum, diencephalon; involved in reproduction, memory, emotions; contains cingulate gyrus, portions of thalamus, hypothalamus, mamillary and amygdaloid bodies, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens

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49
Q

limbic system component locations

A

seems like most of them are located in the diencephalon

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50
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

maintains homeostasis in body even when unconscious; “visceral motor system” since ANS sends motor impulses to viscera

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51
Q

How is the ANS divided?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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52
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight; usually causes opposite effect from parasympathetic; increase heart rate, dilate air passages, dilate pupils, decrease digestive activity, increase amount of blood moving in cardiac and skeletal systems, decrease blood flow to skin, decrease urinary activity

53
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

“craniosacral division”; “rest and digest”; begins in cervical and lower lumbar spines and sends fibers to the same organs as sympathetic; pupil constriction; decrease heart rate, decrease breathing, increase digestion

54
Q

nerves

A

can carry both sensory and motor information.

55
Q

epineurium

A

outer layer of nerves; consists of dense connective tissue that surrounds and protects the nerve

56
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of fibers inside a nerve

57
Q

perineurium

A

sheath that surrounds each fascicle

58
Q

endoneurium

A

thin layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds each

59
Q

plexi

A

combined spinal nerves; 4 major plexi in human body

60
Q

4 major plexi in human body

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

61
Q

neurons vs neuroglia

A

neurons: cells that transmit messages and store information

neuroglia: nervous system cells that support cells (include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia)

62
Q

parts of a neuron

A

dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, axon terminal

63
Q

neurotransmitters

A

messages sent from presynaptic neuron to post-synaptic neuron; excitatory or inhibitory

64
Q

There is a net ____ charge on the inside of the neuron.

A

negative

65
Q

Why does the neuron have a net charge?

A

difference in membrane permeability to different electrolytes; slightly permeable to sodium and potassium

66
Q

Cell membranes of neurons are slightly more permeable to _______

A

potassium

67
Q

Negatively charge ions like phosphates, sulfates, ATP, RNA and proteins can/cannot leave the cell

A

cannot

68
Q

What is the ionic gradient?

A

When the inside of the cell becomes more negative due to more potassium moved out of the cell; some positive ions attracted back into the cell

69
Q

What helps maintain both sodium and potassium gradients and how?

A

sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

70
Q

What is resting membrane potential

A

-70 millivolts (mV)

71
Q

What happens when a presynaptic neuron sends an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

sodium gates on the post-synaptic neuron opens; cell is depolarized

72
Q

What is the threshold level of a neuron?

A

-55mV; more sodium gates will open and depolarization will happen at a rapid rate

72
Q

At resting potential, the cell is _____. When the sodium gates open, the cell is less ______?

A

polarized; less negative (more positive)

73
Q

Once neuron reaches threshold, what happens?

A

it will continue to depolarize until +30mV

74
Q

What is the rapid change in -55 mV to +30 mV?

A

action potential

75
Q

Once the threshold is reached, the neuron stops going through depolarization. True/False?

A

false; once the threshold is reached, the neuron goes through cycle of depolarization to resting membrane potential

76
Q

Where are action potentials generated?

A

axon hillock

77
Q

What happens during depolarization?

A

voltage gated sodium channels open; large influx of sodium ions into the cell causes more sodium channels to open

voltage gated potassium channels open; some potassium diffuses out of the cell

78
Q

Depolarization is a _____ feedback system. Describe what happens when excitatory message reaches post-synaptic neuron.

A

positive; sodium gates open & sodium enters neuron cell. Cell is DEPOLARIZING as it is becoming less negative (less polar).

79
Q

Why is there a net negative charge inside of the neuron’s cell membrane?

A

phosphates, sulfates, ATP, RNA, & proteins are negatively charged ions inside of the neuron

80
Q

Describe action potential, depolarization, & reaching threshold starting from resting membrane potential for a cell

A

depolarization is when resting membrane potential goes from -70mV to -55mV, and once it hits -55mV it will continue to depolarize all the way to +30mV. The change is called action potential!

81
Q

Opening of sodium gates can trigger _________

A

depolarization and action potential if cell reaches -55mV —> then eventually +30mV

82
Q

Explain repolarization - in other words, how does the cell return to resting membrane potential after being depolarized?

A

Repolarization starts: After the peak of the action potential, the sodium channels close, and potassium (K⁺) channels open. Potassium ions (K⁺), which are more concentrated inside the cell, now move out of the neuron, driven by both their concentration gradient and the electrical gradient (charge)

Return to negative charge: As K⁺ ions leave the neuron, the inside of the cell becomes more negative again. This outward flow of K⁺ causes the membrane potential to move back toward its resting negative value, a process called repolarization.

Voltage (mV) gated sodium channels close once action potential (+30mV reached), while voltage gated potassium channels continue to diffuse potassium out of the cell, leading to net negative charge inside cell, eventually reaching -70mV resting membrane potential. Potassium ions are driven out of cell by concentration gradient and electrical gradient

83
Q

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump, which utilizes ATP?

A

The sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺ pump), which actively transports Na⁺ out of the cell and K⁺ back in, helps restore and maintain the resting membrane potential (-70 mV). This pump ensures that Na⁺ and K⁺ are redistributed properly for future action potentials.

84
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine, adrenaline and noradrenaline are all secreted by ______ neurons

A

sympathetic

85
Q

What simulates the effects of dopamine? (answer: a specific drug)

A

methamphetamine, cocaine

86
Q

what neurotransmitter stimulates muscle contraction?

A

acetylcholine (cholinergic)

87
Q

GABA

A

gamma amino butyric acid; inhibitory neurotransmitter; plays role in anxiety, pain, sleep and promotes calming effect, decreasing blood pressure

88
Q

Serotonin

A

inhibitory; plays role in memory, learning, depression

89
Q

How does reuptake of serotonin work?

A

after signal has been transmitted, it is taken back into the presynaptic neuron through serotonin reuptake transporters.

90
Q

How do SSRIs work?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by preventing the reuptake of serotonin, resulting in more available serotonin in the synapse

91
Q

Reflexes and how do they work?

A

involuntary responses to stimuli that occur unconsciously

stimuli to sensory neurons in muscle causes it to stretch > synapses with motor neurons in brain

92
Q

Example of a reflex: Babinski Reflex

A

this reflex is produced when there’s lack of inhibition by the CNS; in newborns, since myelination is incomplete as brain is not fully developed, inhibition is missing.

93
Q

Neurons in higher nervous system INHIBIT reflexes. What happens when inhibition is removed?

A

Reflex will be exaggerated, which indicate central nervous system damage. Example of Babinski reflex, infants are Babinski positive

94
Q

How do we detect damage to the PNS? What is happening?

A

Diminished or absent reflexes; there is damage somewhere between spinal cord and muscle

95
Q

Myelin

A

lipid sheath that wraps around the axon; lipid substance made up of Schwann cells

96
Q

White matter vs gray matter

A

white matter has myelin and therefore travels faster, gray matter does not have myelin and travels slower compared to white matter

97
Q

Nodes of Ranvier? What do you find there?

A

gaps in the myelin sheath; voltage gated sodium channels

98
Q

where is the axon potential generated

A

axon hillock

99
Q

Describe the movement of action potential through a neuron that has a myelinated axon

A

The action potential moves down the axon and reaches a node of Ranvier, where a large amount of sodium channels open, sodium ions enter the axon, and cause the axon to depolarize, which gives the action potential a boost

100
Q

Action potential jumping from node to node is called ________.

A

saltatory conduction

101
Q

Saltatory conduction does/doesn’t exist in unmyelinated axons (give example)

A

doesn’t; the action potential travels continuously down the axon, instead of skipping between nodes

102
Q

What is it called when myelin is lost? What happens?

A

demyelination; neurons can’t transmit as much information, can cause loss of sensation, motor functions, and reflexes

103
Q

Skeletal muscles’ function:

A

move bones and generate heat

104
Q

Cells in skeletal muscle are called ______ and contain a reddish pigment called _______.

A

myocytes; myoglobin

105
Q

Functional units in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue are called _____

A

sarcomeres

106
Q

Cardiomyocytes have ____ amount of nucleus/nuclei

A

1

107
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

special cell junction; helps cells contract together and move blood through the heart

108
Q

Smooth muscle contain ____ nucleus and _____ striations

A

1; no striations

109
Q

Where is smooth muscle found? (list 4)

A

digestive, reproductive, urinary systems, blood vessels

110
Q

What are examples of skeletal muscles?

A

fascia (length of the muscle), tendons

111
Q

Afferent nerves

A

carry sensory impulses or stimulus toward the central nervous system.

112
Q

Efferent nerves

A

carry motor stimulus away from the central nervous system.

113
Q

Spatial summation

A
114
Q

temporal summation

A
115
Q

Axon terminal

A

sends stimulus to another neuron

116
Q

cell body

A

contains organelles where metabolic activities of the cell occur

117
Q

axon

A

carries signals away from the cell body and transmits to another neuron through axon terminal

118
Q

dendrites

A

receives nerve signals from another neuron

119
Q

autonomic/involuntary processes include:

A

digestion, breathing, heart contractions

120
Q

Another word for voluntary (processes) is:

A

somatic process

121
Q

Salivation is part of which kind of nervous system? what is this part of nervous system responsible for?

A

rest-and-digest responses/activities which is under the control of the parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system.

122
Q

What is the difference between muscle strain and muscle sprain?

A

strain is injury to the muscle or tendon, sprain is tear or stretching of the ligament

123
Q

what is muscular dystrophy?

A

progressive reduction in muscle mass that can affect voluntary & involuntary muscles

124
Q

how is ATP involved in muscle relaxation and contraction?

A

ATP is needed for both relaxation and contraction of muscle.

contraction: ATP is hydrolyzed to facilitate the cross bridge formation which leads to contraction.

relaxation: the binding of another ATP molecule will then facilitate muscle relaxation

125
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes fluid that contributes to sperm motility & viability

125
Q
A
126
Q
A

🧬ATI TEAS 7 Science (5 decks)

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