Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

A-a Gradient Equation =

A

A= [FiO2 x (elevation - barometric pressure) - (PaCO2/Respiratory Quotient)

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2
Q

Definition of A-a Gradient

A

The difference between the Alveolar and Arterial oxygen concentrations

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3
Q

Normal A-a Gradient value

A

Less than 15 mm Hg

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4
Q

True or false: The A-a gradient is beneficial as a one-off value.

A

False: It’s the most useful when used for trending.

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5
Q

Using the P:F ratio, what would an expected arterial PaO2 be on a patient breathing 100% oxygen?

A

PaO2= ~500 mm Hg

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6
Q

Define the P:F ratio

A

PaO2:FiO2 ratio is the arterial PaO2 should = ~5x the FiO2

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7
Q

Define the 120 rule

A

Essentially PaO2 + PaCO2 should be equal to or greater than 120 in an animal with normal pulmonary function. It’s an easier version of the A-a gradient.

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8
Q

Define a V/Q mismatch.

A

Blood that has traveled through the lungs without becoming properly oxygenated resulting in venous admixture.

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9
Q

What are some causes of a low V/Q?

A

Pneumonia, PTE, pulmonary edema, asthma

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10
Q

What would cause no
V/Q?

A

Atalectasis, severe pleural effusion, collapsed alveoli

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11
Q

When can the 120 rule be applied?

A

It only applies to patients breathing room air at sea level.

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12
Q

What is the function of PEEP (Positive end expiratory pressure) in regards to ventilation?

A

PEEP maintains positive pressure in the airway during exhalation to prevent the lungs from emptying completely.

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13
Q

How can PEEP be beneficial to a patient requiring ventilation assistance?

A

PEEP can increase the oxygenating efficiency of diseased lungs by recruiting previously collapsed alveoli.

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14
Q

What would the appropriate PEEP setting be on a ventilator for a patient who has healthy lungs?

A

0-5 cm of H2O

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15
Q

What would be an appropriate initial PEEP setting for a ventilator patient with lung disease?

A

5-8 cm of H2O

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16
Q

What is the function of PIP (Positive Inspiratory Pressure) in regards to ventilation?

A

PIP is the maximum pressure generated during inhalation.

17
Q

How does your PEEP setting on the ventilator affect your PIP setting?

A

The PEEP setting will affect the inspiratory pressure as an additional amount of pressure. Essentially, whatever your PEEP setting is, it must be factored in to your PIP setting.

18
Q

If your PEEP setting is at 5cm of H2O and you want your total PIP to be 20 cm of H2O, what should your PIP setting be?

A

15cm of H2O

19
Q

How can your PEEP setting affect venous return?

A

High PEEP settings maintain elevated intrathoracic pressure during exhalation and can therefore decrease venous return.

20
Q

If you have a patient with normal healthy lungs on the ventilator and their CO2 is increasingly elevated.

21
Q

What are 3 indications for mechanical ventilation?

A

Severe hypoxemia despite oxygen supplementation, severe hypoventilation, excessive respiratory effort with impending fatigue.

22
Q

True or false: venous blood gas values can be used to diagnose hypoxemia.

A

False. Only arterial blood gas can be used.

23
Q

True or false: venous PaCO2 can be used to diagnose hypoventilation in hemodinamically stable patients.

24
Q

True or false: diseased lungs need higher PEEP and PIP setting, but lower tidal volume settings.

25
Q

Lung compliance is variable, how compliant would you expect a healthy animals lungs to be in regards to tidal volume?

A

Healthy lungs are significantly more compliant and can handle a higher tidal volume.

26
Q

If you have a ventilator patient who is consistently hypoxemic, what are some things you can do to trouble shoot?

A

Increase the FiO2, change the patient to sternal recumbency, increase the PEEP/PIP/Tidal volume if the patient has compliance.

27
Q

If you have a ventilator patient who is consistently hypercapneic what can you change to trouble shoot?

A

Assess ET tube, ensure there’s adequate expiratory time, increase the tidal volume and/or respiratory rate.

28
Q

What is a normal by product of the metabolism of oxygen that can lead to oxygen toxicity if excess accumulation occurs?

A

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species AKA RONS.

29
Q

How do RONS cause oxidative injury?

A

They damage lipids, nucleic acids and proteins resulting in cellular injury.

30
Q

What are the 3 predominant systems affected by oxygen toxicity?

A

Respiratory, Central Nervous, and Cardiovascular.