Respiratory

Question 1

Surface tension of the alveoli is reduced by the secretion of:

Answer 1

surfactant

Question 2

Which alveolar cells produce surfactant?

Answer 2

type II alveolar cells

Question 3

The amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of full expiration is referred to as:

Answer 3

residual volume

Question 4

With respect to Boyles law which of the following is true?

Answer 4

as the volume of the container increases the pressure within the container decreases

Question 5

During external respiration, gases are exchanged between the:

Answer 5

alveoli and the blood

Question 6

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is referred to as:

Answer 6

ventilation

Question 7

The pleura is:

Answer 7

the serous membrane surrounding the lungs

Question 8

Which combination of muscles is involved in active expiration?

Answer 8

internal intercostals and abdominals

Question 9

During internal respiration:

Answer 9

oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissues

Question 10

Hemoglobin will have increased affinity for oxygen when

Answer 10

the temperature is decreased

Question 11

The amount of air moved during quiet breathing is which of the following?

Answer 11

tidal volume

Question 12

Most oxygen is transported in the blood by:

Answer 12

hemoglobin in red blood cells

Question 13

The internal nose is lined by an epithelium that is designed to warm and humidify air as well as trap dust. The type of epithelium lining the internal nose is:

Answer 13

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 14

All the following are functions of the nose except:

Answer 14

external respiration

Question 15

Type 1 alveolar cell is a:

Answer 15

simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 16

Which muscle of quiet inspiration functions to increase thoracic volume by increasing the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 16

diaphragm

Question 17

The function of the epiglottis is to:

Answer 17

close off the larynx during swallowing

Question 18

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood occurs over:

Answer 18

2 basement membranes and 2 simple squamous epithelium

Question 19

The trachea divides into:

Answer 19

left and right bronchi

Question 20

Most carbon dioxide is transported in blood by:

Answer 20

conversion to bicarbonate ion

Question 21

The two areas of the brain that contain respiration centers are the:

Answer 21

medulla and pons

Question 22

Each lung can be divided into segments supplied by secondary bronchi called:

Answer 22

lobes

Question 23

does not requires muscle contractions to force air out of the lungs.

Answer 23

Quiet expiration

Question 24

Gas exchange in the lung begins at the level of the:

Answer 24

respiratory bronchioles

Question 25

Which portion of the pharynx receives the openings from the auditory (Eustachian) tubes?

Answer 25

nasopharynx

Question 26

Airway resistance is affected primarily by the:

Answer 26

diameter of the bronchioles

Question 27

All gases in a mixture of air exert a pressure that is proportional to the content of each gas. The pressure a single gas exerts is referred to as:

Answer 27

partial pressure

Question 28

Compliance is affected primarily by the amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the:

Answer 28

amount of surfactant

Question 29

An increase in which chemical in the bloodstream will cause increased inhalation?

Answer 29

CO2

Question 30

Which spinal levels contribute to the phrenic nerve?

Answer 30

C3-C5

Question 31

he phrenic nerve is responsible for innervating the:

Answer 31

diaphragm

Question 32

is a clinical term describing changes in the lungs due to a number of different factors, - Generally begins as injury to either the alveolar lining cells or the endothelial lining of the capillaries of the lung.

Answer 32

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - ARDS
all of which cause Acute Respiratory Failure *

Question 33

Most common malignant tumor of internal organs in Canada * Most often related to cigarette smoking – Approximately 90% of all patients with lung cancer are smokers

Answer 33

Lung Carcinoma

Question 34

(Secondary) in the Lungs * Most common malignant tumor of the lungs

Answer 34

Metastatic Cancer

Question 35

75% of all human infections diagnosed clinically, after skin infections and irritations have been eliminated.

Answer 35

Respiratory tract infections

Question 36

Has peak incidence in school aged children * Due to Haemophilus infuenzae, rate down because of vaccinations. * S&S sudden loss of voice and hoarseness and throat pain on swallowing. Edema and redness of the epiglottis and surrounding tissue. Need antibiotics and humidified oxygen mask to treat.

Answer 36

Acute Inflammation of Larynx Cont’d Acute epiglottitis

Question 37

Life threatening infection of larynx and adjacent structures.

Answer 37

Croup

Question 38

an inflammatory conditions caused by a virus that affects the bronchioles and bronchi. Does not involve alveolar spaces.

Answer 38

Bronchiolitis

Question 39

clinically unrecognized in 95% of cases) – Mild pulmonary disease, low grade fever.

Answer 39

Primary TB

Question 40

When tuberculosis spreads to the bone and specifically the spine it is called

Answer 40

Pott’s disease.

Question 41

is a catch all for lung diseases. * Chronic bronchitis * Emphysema * Bronchiectasis

Answer 41

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD

Question 42

Pink Puffer * Definition: enlargement to the airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of alveolar walls.

Answer 42

Emphysema:

Question 43

Cause: chemicals contained in cigarette smoke.

Answer 43

Emphysema: Pink puffer

Question 44

Blue Bloater Definition: excessive production of tracheobronchial mucus causing cough and expectoration for at least 3 months during the last 2 years.

Answer 44

Chronic Bronchitis:

Question 45

S&S prolonged bouts of coughing with expectoration of mucus and dyspnea (shortness of breath) * blue colouration is due to hypoxia from prolonged coughing this is known as cyanosis * right ventricular failure due to peripheral venous stagnation, also contributing to cyanosis * Enlarged heart. * Vasculature affected by periobronchial fibrosis which results in pulmonary hypertension

Answer 45

Chronic Bronchitis:

Question 46

Causes: smoking, air pollution, occupational exposure to toxic fumes, various respiratory infections. One bout of viral pneumonia in childhood predisposes that individual to COPD later in life.

Answer 46

Chronic Bronchitis:

Question 47

S&S: Get sneezing, congestion, runny and irritated nose – Most common allergen – pollens.

Answer 47

Allergic rhinitis (Hay Fever) – Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction in nose – Definition: acute vasomotor response mediated by histamine and related vasoactive substances released in the nose from the mast cells

Question 48

S&S (for both) – wheezing during expiration, dyspnea and cough, brought on by exposure to specific allergens.

Answer 48

Asthma * Extrinsic –Exposure to exogenous allergens – Type 1 hypersensitivity rx. – Mostly affects children and associated with other allergies. * occurs in children before the age of 10 and lasts several years, 50% of cases will continue throughout lifetime. 2x more common in men.

Question 49

Cause: persistent inflammation and inflammatory cell act on smooth muscle (contraction) and blood vessels (increase permeability). * Starts in adulthood before 40yrs. * Treat both types with bronchodilators during an attack.

Answer 49

Asthma * Intrinsic—attacks precipitated by: – Physical factors – Exercise – Psychological stress – Chemical irritants and air pollution – Bronchial infection – Aspirin

Question 50

S&S low grade fever tired and anorexic, dyspnea, cough or wheezing. Damaged tissue can not be repaired and is replaced by granulation tissue and fibrosis, which can result in end-stage lung disease.

Answer 50

Sarcoidosis * Define: a multisystemic granulomatous disease mediated by cell mediated immunity. * Lungs become infiltrated with T lymphocytes

Question 51

Autosomal recessive disorder – Involves fluid secretion in exocrine glands in the epithelial lining of respiratory, GI and reproductive tracts Defected gene codes protein cystic fibrosis conductance regulator, a critical part of the chloride transport channel in cell membrane. - This results in a lack of NaCl in the glandular secretions of all exocrine glands most importantly the pancreas, intestine, bronchi. Those secretions have less H2O b/c NaCl has an osmotic effect. Makes secretions viscid.

Answer 51

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 52

Signs and symptoms are non-specific and resemble those of other restrictive lung diseases. (dyspnea, coughing etc.) Note that progressive dyspnea will result in respiratory failure.* Coal-workers’ lung disease * Silicosis * Asbestosis = Lung cancer

Answer 52

Pneumonoconioses

Question 53

Incomplete expansion or collapse of alveoli (collapsed lung)

Answer 53

Atelectasis

Question 54

Causes:

1. Deficiency of surfactant (premature babies born before lungs have matured) Type II alveolar cells not mature yet.

2.Compression of lungs from outside (due to fluid in pleural cavity – heart failure or exudates from pleuritis) (air from outside world)

3.Resorption of air distal to bronchial obstruction (obstruction may be mucous plug, tumor or foreign material that has been aspirated into bronchial tree) Air resorbed and alveoli Collapse.

Answer 54

Atelectasis

Question 55

S&S: loud snoring, wake up with shortness of breath, episodes of breathing cessation while sleeping witnessed by another person, dry mouth or sore throat, morning headache, tired, and insomnia

Answer 55

Sleep Apnea

Question 56

Causes: Muscles at the back of the throat relax narrowing the airway or brain not sending correct signals to breathing muscles or both.

Answer 56

Sleep Apnea