Respiratory

Question 1

What are the functions of respiratory epithelium?

Answer 1

Filter, warm and moisten the air

Question 2

What underlies the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 2

Connective tissue with abundant elastic fibers and both mucous and seromucous glands

Question 3

What are the five types of cells in respiratory epithelium?

Answer 3

1- Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelial cells

2- Mucous goblet cells

3- Brush cells

4- Basal cells

5- Granule cells

Question 4

What is the most abundant cell type in respiratory epithelium?

Answer 4

Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelial cells

Question 5

What are basal bodies?

Answer 5

The base of cilia on the apical surface of cells

Question 6

Where are mucous goblet cells the most abundant?

Answer 6

The larynx and trachea

Question 7

What do mucous goblet cells secrete?

Answer 7

polysaccharide-rich mucous droplets

Question 8

Do brush cells have microvilli or cilia?ry

Answer 8

they have microvilli

Question 9

What do the microvilli on brush cells function as?

Answer 9

sensory receptors…..(afferent nerve endings can be found at the basal surface of brush cells)

Question 10

What three cells types in respiratory epithelium extend from the basement membrane to the lumen?

Answer 10

1- Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelial cells

2- Mucous goblet cells

3- Brush cells

Question 11

What is the function of the basal cells?

Answer 11

Generative cells that undergo mitosis and give rise to other cell types

Question 12

What are granule cells?

Answer 12

They contain numerous dense granules and may be part of a neuroendocrine system that regulates mucous and serous secretory

Question 13

What two cell types in respiratory endothelium sit on the basement membrane but DO NOT extend to the lumen?

Answer 13

Basal cells and granule cells

Question 14

Explain the muco-ciliary elevator/

Answer 14

Inhaled particles become trapped in the mucous layer. The coordinated beating action of the cilia propels the mucous and trapped particles across the aqueous layer and towards the mouth and nose where it is swallowed or expectorated.

Question 15

What type of cell secretes the mucous layer?

Answer 15

goblet cells and seromucous glands

Question 16

Where does the mucous layer sit?

Answer 16

It floats on a more aqueous layer that surrounds the beating cilia

Question 17

What is Katagener syndrome?

Answer 17

Genetic disorder where dynein is not functional or is absent. Results in chronic infections because inhaled microorganisms and particles cannot be effectively cleared from the respiratory tract.

Question 18

Explain the change in epithelial cells deeper in the respiratory tree:

Answer 18

Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium—> ciliated simple cuboidal —> squamous cells

Question 19

Which are found deeper in the respiratory tract, gobletcells or cilia? Why?

Answer 19

Cilia…this is to prevent retrograde flow of mucous

Question 20

What are the parts of the conducting portions of the respiratory tract?

Answer 20

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 21

What are the two main portions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 21

Vestibule and fossae (which is then composed of conchae and meatus)

Question 22

What three factors characterize the vestible of the nasal cavity?

Answer 22

1- transition from keratinized to respiratory epithelium

2- sebaceous and sweat glands

3- vibrissae (nose hairs)

Question 23

What are the conchae?

Answer 23

3 projections of bone covered with connective tissue and epithelium

Question 24

What are swell bodies?

Answer 24

venous plexus in connective tissue of conchae that warm the air

Question 25

What is the meatus of the nasal cavity?

Answer 25

the space between conchae for air passage that allows for turbulent air flow that warms and moistens air

Question 26

Which meatus is not lined with respiratory epithelium?

Answer 26

Superior meatus

Question 27

What are the three types of cells found in the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 27

Supporting cells, olfactory cells, basal cells

Question 28

What is characteristic of supporting cells?

Answer 28

apical microvilli and apical nuclei

Question 29

What is characteristic of olfactory cells?

Answer 29

bipolar neurons with a central nucleus

Question 30

What is characteristic of basal cells?

Answer 30

small and round cells at the base of epithelium with basal nuclei

Question 31

What do olfactory (Bowman's) glands produce? Where are they found?

Answer 31

Proteinaceous serous secretions that clear cilia and facilitate access to new odors They are found in the superior meatus

Question 32

What line the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 32

Respiratory ciliated epithelium, goblet cells, and small glands

Question 33

Are the paranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavity?

Answer 33

Yes, through small passages

Question 34

What types of epithelium are found in the pharynx?

Answer 34

``` Dorsally= respiratory epithelium Ventrally= stratified squamous epithelium ```

Question 35

What are the two "cords" in the larynx?

Answer 35

False vocal cords and true vocal cords

Question 36

What are the "upper" cords?

Answer 36

The false vocal cords

Question 37

What type of epithelium lines the false vocal cords?

Answer 37

respiratory epithelium

Question 38

What type of epithelium lines the true vocal cords?

Answer 38

stratified squamous epithelium | NON-KERATINIZED

Question 39

What is the name of the smooth muscle in the true vocal cords?

Answer 39

The vocalis muscle (it alters sound)

Question 40

What is the name of the ligament in the true vocal cords?

Answer 40

Vocal ligament (made of parallel elastic fibers)

Question 41

Does the larynx have cartilage?

Answer 41

Yes, it has hyaline cartilage that has skeletal muscle that articulates the cartilage

Question 42

What is the trachea lined with? What are some characteristics of the trachea?

Answer 42

respiratory epithelium, thick basement membrane, mixed glands and some elastic fibers, REGULAR rings of hyaline cartilage

Question 43

Do bronchi have cartilage?

Answer 43

Yes, irregular rings or plates

Question 44

What causes the wavy (folded) appearance of the mucosa of bronchi?

Answer 44

smooth muscle in irregular bands

Question 45

What are bronchioles?

Answer 45

branches of small bronchi

Question 46

Is there cartilage present in the bronchioles? Is there smooth muscle?

Answer 46

No cartilage. Smooth muscle is present (in varying amounts)

Question 47

What cells line the regular bronchioles?

Answer 47

ciliated columnar epithelium, some goblet cells

Question 48

Where does the majority o regulation of ventilation occur?

Answer 48

At the level of the regular bronchioles because the large cross section area, lack of cartilage, and presence of smooth muscle

Question 49

Do terminal broncioles have cilia or goblet cells?

Answer 49

They have reduced cilia and do NOT have goblet cells?

Question 50

What type of cells replace goblet cells in terminal bronchioles?

Answer 50

Clara cells

Question 51

What is the function of clara cells?

Answer 51

They are tall cells that share the basement membrane with cuboidal epithelium and extend taller than surrounding epithelium. They have dense granules in their apical cytoplasm containing protein that is secreted along with aqueous solution to moisten the epithelium

Question 52

Is the mucosa of regular bronchioles wavy? What about the mucosa of terminal bronchioles?

Answer 52

Regulatory bronchioles= wavy | Terminal bronchioles= smooth (because less smooth muscle)

Question 53

What is VERY characteristic of respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 53

outpocketings of alveoli in bronchiole walls to permit gas exhange

Question 54

Are goblet cells or cilia preset in respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 54

No goblet cells, few cilia

Question 55

What are alveolar ducts?

Answer 55

passageways completely lined with alveoli

Question 56

Are goblet cells, clara cells, or cilia preset in alveolar ducts?

Answer 56

No

Question 57

What type of epithelium line the alveolar ducts?

Answer 57

simple squamous epithelium

Question 58

What allows for more regulation of ventilation in alveolar ducts?

Answer 58

smooth muscle knob-like projections of alveolar openings

Question 59

What is the diffusion path for gases?

Answer 59

Surfactant Epithelium Fused basement membrane (basal lamina of epithelium and endothelium) Endothelium RBC membrane

Question 60

What are the types of cells (and %) in the alveolar septum?

Answer 60

``` Type I epthelium (8%) Type II epithelium (16%) Capillary endothelial (30%) Interstitial (36%) Alveolar macrophages (10%) ```

Question 61

Which type of cell forms the majority of lung lining?

Answer 61

Type I epithelium (it is squamous)

Question 62

Which penumocytes participate in gas exhange?

Answer 62

Type I

Question 63

Which penumocytes secrete surfactant?

Answer 63

Type II

Question 64

Which pneumocytes divide to replace Type I and type II?

Answer 64

Type II

Question 65

What do capillary endothelial cells look like?

Answer 65

very thin, cresent shaped nuclei

Question 66

What are the interstital cells found in the alveolar septum?

Answer 66

fibroblasts, mast cells, and alveolar macrophages

Question 67

What are "dust cells"?

Answer 67

alveolar macrophages...they accumulate debris and come from the bone marrow

Question 68

What is another nae for alveolar pores?

Answer 68

Pores of Kohn

Question 69

What is the function of alveolar pores?

Answer 69

Equalize aire pressure and promote collateral air circulation

Question 70

Why is the acellular interstitium critical?

Answer 70

Critical for respiratory mechanics (passive exhalation)

Question 71

What make up the acellular interstitium?

Answer 71

Collagen (type III) Elastic fibers Proteoglycans

Question 72

What are the three broad categories of host defense?

Answer 72

Acid-base balance Metabolic Immunologic

Question 73

How does the acid-base balance system work?

Answer 73

regulate the amount of carbon dioxide retained in the body which is a short term pH regulator

Question 74

What are the humoral immunogenic host defense mechanisms?

Answer 74

IgA, IgE, Mast cells, BALT

Question 75

What are BALTs?

Answer 75

Bronchially Associated Lymphoid Tissue....it is dense accumulations of lymphoid tissue