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microanatomy IV > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of respiratory epithelium?

A

Filter, warm and moisten the air

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2
Q

What underlies the respiratory epithelium?

A

Connective tissue with abundant elastic fibers and both mucous and seromucous glands

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3
Q

What are the five types of cells in respiratory epithelium?

A

1- Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelial cells

2- Mucous goblet cells

3- Brush cells

4- Basal cells

5- Granule cells

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4
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in respiratory epithelium?

A

Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelial cells

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5
Q

What are basal bodies?

A

The base of cilia on the apical surface of cells

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6
Q

Where are mucous goblet cells the most abundant?

A

The larynx and trachea

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7
Q

What do mucous goblet cells secrete?

A

polysaccharide-rich mucous droplets

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8
Q

Do brush cells have microvilli or cilia?ry

A

they have microvilli

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9
Q

What do the microvilli on brush cells function as?

A

sensory receptors…..(afferent nerve endings can be found at the basal surface of brush cells)

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10
Q

What three cells types in respiratory epithelium extend from the basement membrane to the lumen?

A

1- Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelial cells

2- Mucous goblet cells

3- Brush cells

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11
Q

What is the function of the basal cells?

A

Generative cells that undergo mitosis and give rise to other cell types

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12
Q

What are granule cells?

A

They contain numerous dense granules and may be part of a neuroendocrine system that regulates mucous and serous secretory

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13
Q

What two cell types in respiratory endothelium sit on the basement membrane but DO NOT extend to the lumen?

A

Basal cells and granule cells

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14
Q

Explain the muco-ciliary elevator/

A

Inhaled particles become trapped in the mucous layer. The coordinated beating action of the cilia propels the mucous and trapped particles across the aqueous layer and towards the mouth and nose where it is swallowed or expectorated.

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15
Q

What type of cell secretes the mucous layer?

A

goblet cells and seromucous glands

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16
Q

Where does the mucous layer sit?

A

It floats on a more aqueous layer that surrounds the beating cilia

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17
Q

What is Katagener syndrome?

A

Genetic disorder where dynein is not functional or is absent. Results in chronic infections because inhaled microorganisms and particles cannot be effectively cleared from the respiratory tract.

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18
Q

Explain the change in epithelial cells deeper in the respiratory tree:

A

Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium—> ciliated simple cuboidal —> squamous cells

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19
Q

Which are found deeper in the respiratory tract, gobletcells or cilia? Why?

A

Cilia…this is to prevent retrograde flow of mucous

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20
Q

What are the parts of the conducting portions of the respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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21
Q

What are the two main portions of the nasal cavity?

A

Vestibule and fossae (which is then composed of conchae and meatus)

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22
Q

What three factors characterize the vestible of the nasal cavity?

A

1- transition from keratinized to respiratory epithelium

2- sebaceous and sweat glands

3- vibrissae (nose hairs)

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23
Q

What are the conchae?

A

3 projections of bone covered with connective tissue and epithelium

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24
Q

What are swell bodies?

A

venous plexus in connective tissue of conchae that warm the air

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25
Q

What is the meatus of the nasal cavity?

A

the space between conchae for air passage that allows for turbulent air flow that warms and moistens air

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26
Q

Which meatus is not lined with respiratory epithelium?

A

Superior meatus

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27
Q

What are the three types of cells found in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Supporting cells, olfactory cells, basal cells

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28
Q

What is characteristic of supporting cells?

A

apical microvilli and apical nuclei

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29
Q

What is characteristic of olfactory cells?

A

bipolar neurons with a central nucleus

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30
Q

What is characteristic of basal cells?

A

small and round cells at the base of epithelium with basal nuclei

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31
Q

What do olfactory (Bowman’s) glands produce? Where are they found?

A

Proteinaceous serous secretions that clear cilia and facilitate access to new odors

They are found in the superior meatus

32
Q

What line the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory ciliated epithelium, goblet cells, and small glands

33
Q

Are the paranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavity?

A

Yes, through small passages

34
Q

What types of epithelium are found in the pharynx?

A 
Dorsally= respiratory epithelium
Ventrally= stratified squamous epithelium
35
Q

What are the two “cords” in the larynx?

A

False vocal cords and true vocal cords

36
Q

What are the “upper” cords?

A

The false vocal cords

37
Q

What type of epithelium lines the false vocal cords?

A

respiratory epithelium

38
Q

What type of epithelium lines the true vocal cords?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

NON-KERATINIZED

39
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle in the true vocal cords?

A

The vocalis muscle (it alters sound)

40
Q

What is the name of the ligament in the true vocal cords?

A

Vocal ligament (made of parallel elastic fibers)

41
Q

Does the larynx have cartilage?

A

Yes, it has hyaline cartilage that has skeletal muscle that articulates the cartilage

42
Q

What is the trachea lined with? What are some characteristics of the trachea?

A

respiratory epithelium, thick basement membrane, mixed glands and some elastic fibers, REGULAR rings of hyaline cartilage

43
Q

Do bronchi have cartilage?

A

Yes, irregular rings or plates

44
Q

What causes the wavy (folded) appearance of the mucosa of bronchi?

A

smooth muscle in irregular bands

45
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

branches of small bronchi

46
Q

Is there cartilage present in the bronchioles? Is there smooth muscle?

A

No cartilage. Smooth muscle is present (in varying amounts)

47
Q

What cells line the regular bronchioles?

A

ciliated columnar epithelium, some goblet cells

48
Q

Where does the majority o regulation of ventilation occur?

A

At the level of the regular bronchioles because the large cross section area, lack of cartilage, and presence of smooth muscle

49
Q

Do terminal broncioles have cilia or goblet cells?

A

They have reduced cilia and do NOT have goblet cells?

50
Q

What type of cells replace goblet cells in terminal bronchioles?

A

Clara cells

51
Q

What is the function of clara cells?

A

They are tall cells that share the basement membrane with cuboidal epithelium and extend taller than surrounding epithelium.

They have dense granules in their apical cytoplasm containing protein that is secreted along with aqueous solution to moisten the epithelium

52
Q

Is the mucosa of regular bronchioles wavy? What about the mucosa of terminal bronchioles?

A

Regulatory bronchioles= wavy

Terminal bronchioles= smooth (because less smooth muscle)

53
Q

What is VERY characteristic of respiratory bronchioles?

A

outpocketings of alveoli in bronchiole walls to permit gas exhange

54
Q

Are goblet cells or cilia preset in respiratory bronchioles?

A

No goblet cells, few cilia

55
Q

What are alveolar ducts?

A

passageways completely lined with alveoli

56
Q

Are goblet cells, clara cells, or cilia preset in alveolar ducts?

A

No

57
Q

What type of epithelium line the alveolar ducts?

A

simple squamous epithelium

58
Q

What allows for more regulation of ventilation in alveolar ducts?

A

smooth muscle knob-like projections of alveolar openings

59
Q

What is the diffusion path for gases?

A

Surfactant

Epithelium

Fused basement membrane (basal lamina of epithelium and endothelium)

Endothelium

RBC membrane

60
Q

What are the types of cells (and %) in the alveolar septum?

A 
Type I epthelium (8%)
Type II epithelium (16%)
Capillary endothelial (30%)
Interstitial (36%)
Alveolar macrophages (10%)
61
Q

Which type of cell forms the majority of lung lining?

A

Type I epithelium (it is squamous)

62
Q

Which penumocytes participate in gas exhange?

A

Type I

63
Q

Which penumocytes secrete surfactant?

A

Type II

64
Q

Which pneumocytes divide to replace Type I and type II?

A

Type II

65
Q

What do capillary endothelial cells look like?

A

very thin, cresent shaped nuclei

66
Q

What are the interstital cells found in the alveolar septum?

A

fibroblasts, mast cells, and alveolar macrophages

67
Q

What are “dust cells”?

A

alveolar macrophages…they accumulate debris and come from the bone marrow

68
Q

What is another nae for alveolar pores?

A

Pores of Kohn

69
Q

What is the function of alveolar pores?

A

Equalize aire pressure and promote collateral air circulation

70
Q

Why is the acellular interstitium critical?

A

Critical for respiratory mechanics (passive exhalation)

71
Q

What make up the acellular interstitium?

A

Collagen (type III)
Elastic fibers
Proteoglycans

72
Q

What are the three broad categories of host defense?

A

Acid-base balance
Metabolic
Immunologic

73
Q

How does the acid-base balance system work?

A

regulate the amount of carbon dioxide retained in the body which is a short term pH regulator

74
Q

What are the humoral immunogenic host defense mechanisms?

A

IgA, IgE, Mast cells, BALT

75
Q

What are BALTs?

A

Bronchially Associated Lymphoid Tissue….it is dense accumulations of lymphoid tissue

microanatomy IV (3 decks)

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