Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

List the structure of the respiratory system

A

nasal cavity-pharynx-layrnx-trachea-bronchus-bronchioles-alveoli

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2
Q

What are the internal intercostals?

A

Inside the ribcage, draw the ribs down & in

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3
Q

What are the external intercostals?

A

Outside the ribcage, pull the ribs up & out

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4
Q

What is the nasal cavity

A

Air enters through the nasal cavity by the nostrils

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5
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

A small flap of cartilage at the back of the tongue which ensures food does not enter the lungs

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6
Q

What is the trachea

A

Rings of cartilage

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7
Q

What are the bronchioles

A

Small airways that are extend from the bronchii

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8
Q

What are alveoli

A

At the end of the bronchiole, responsible for the transfer of O2 into the blood & remove waste

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9
Q

What is the 3 + 2

A

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor

Rectus abdominus & obliques

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10
Q

What happens during inspiration rest

A

Diaphragm & external intercostals contract

Ribs up & out

Thoracic cavity volume increases

lung air pressure decreases

Air rushes into lungs

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11
Q

Expiration rest

A

Diaphragm & external intercostals relax

Ribs in & down

Thoracic cavity volume decreases

lung air pressure increases

Air rushes out of lungs

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12
Q

What happens during exercise?
Inspiration expiration muscles

A

more than at rest
3 + 2

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13
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

The process where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and muscles

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14
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in & out in one breath

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15
Q

What is frequency

A

Number o breaths in 1 minute

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16
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

tidal volume x frequency

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17
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Amount of air that can be forced out of lungs after maximal inspiration

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18
Q

What is residual volume

A

The air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

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19
Q

What is total lung volume

A

Total lung capacity after maximal inspiration

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20
Q

What is tidal volume at rest

A

500 ml per breath

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21
Q

What is frequency at rest

A

15 breaths per minute

22
Q

What is minute ventilation at rest

A

7.5 litres

23
Q

What is vital capacity at rest

A

4800ml

24
Q

What is residual volume at rest

A

1200ml

25
Q

What is total lung volume at rest

A

6000ml

26
Q

What is tidal volume during exercise

A

4 litres

27
Q

What is frequency during exercise

A

40-60

28
Q

What are the neural factors

A

proprioreceptors
baroreceptors
thermoreceptors

29
Q

What are chemical factors

A

Chemoreceptors

30
Q

What do proprioreceptors detect

A

Movement

31
Q

What do baroreceptors detect

A

lung pressure

32
Q

What do thermoreceptors detect

A

temperature

33
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect

A

change in oxygen, lactic acid, carbon dioxide

34
Q

What are the responses of the respiratory system to exercise

A

Increased breathing rate and tidal volume

35
Q

Explain increased breathing rate

A

Muscles demand more oxygen. Breathing rate increases due to higher demand for oxygen.

36
Q

Explain increased tidal volume

A

Tidal volume increases to allow more air to pass through the body.

37
Q

What are the adaptations of the respiratory system to exercise

A

Increased: vital capacity, strength of respiratory muscles, O2 & CO2 diffusion rate

38
Q

What are the additional factors for C

A

Asthma & altitude

39
Q

What is asthma

A

Asthma is when the airways providing air to the alveoli are narrowed restricting air to the alveoli

40
Q

What can cause asthma flare ups

A

exhaust fumes, pollution, pollen, damp weather

41
Q

Explain altitude

A

The pressure of oxygen in the air is reduced

42
Q

What are short term effects of altitude

A

shortness of breath, headaches, dizziness, hypoxia

43
Q

What does live high train low mean

A

Living high improves aerobic performance and increases lung volume however training high = sickness will stop training

44
Q

What is movement of gases always?

A

High to low

45
Q

Explain oxygen during gaseous exchange in the lungs

A

O2 diffuses from the alveoli air (hp) into capillary blood (lp as used by muscles)

46
Q

Explain oxygen during gaseous exchange in the muscles

A

Oxygen diffuses from the blood (hp) into the muscle tissues (lp)

47
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide during gaseous exchange in the lungs

A

Co2 diffuses from the capillary blood (hp) to alveoli air (lp)

48
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide during gaseous exchange in the muscles

A

Co2 from the muscle tissues (hp) to the blood (lp)

49
Q

Where does gaseous exchange take place during inspiration?

A

In the muscles

50
Q

Where does gaseous exchange take place during expiration?

A

In the lungs