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Pharm 2 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. deliver O2 to cells
  2. eliminate CO2 from body
  3. regulate blood pH
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2
Q

What is respiration?

A

-exchanges that lead to uptake of O2 by cells and release of CO2 to lungs

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3
Q

What are the four steps for respiration?

A
  1. ventilation
  2. exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries = external respiration
  3. transport of gases in blood
  4. exchange between blood and cells = internal respiration
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4
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

-use of O2 in ATP synthesis

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5
Q

What are the four parts of the bronchial tree?

A

-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli

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6
Q

What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure and the volume of air moved?

A

-during inspiration: both alveolar and intrapleural pressure decrease
-during expiration both increase

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7
Q

ventilation graphs?? slide 6

A
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8
Q

What is inspiration?

A

-occurs as alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure

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9
Q

What is the timeline of inspiration?

A

-time 0: atmospheric pressure = alveolar pressure
-time 0-2sec: alveolar pressure drop to -1mm Hg

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10
Q

who is the cutest poopie that there is ??

A

akichan

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11
Q

What do +ve and -ve mmHg values correspond to?

A

+ve = above atmospheric pressure
-ve = below atmospheric pressure

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12
Q

What are the 5 factors that affect ventilation?

A

-length of system
-viscosity of air
-diameter of airway
-upper airways
-bronchioles

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13
Q

Which of the ventilation factors can be changed?

A

-diameter of airway

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14
Q

What are upper airways affected by?

A

-physical obstruction

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15
Q

What are bronchioles affected by?

A

-bronchoconstriction
-bronchodilation

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16
Q

What is bronchoconstriction mediated by?

A

-parasympathetic neurons
-muscarinic receptors, histamine, leukotrienes

17
Q

What is bronchodilation affected by?

A

-CO2
-epinephrine

18
Q

What are the three neuroendocrine systems that mediate physiological bronchial tone?

A
  1. parasympathetic system
  2. sympathetic system
  3. non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC)
19
Q

Which neuroendocrine system involved is dominant?

A

-parasympathetic

20
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do to the respiratory tract?

A

-dominant efferent pathway providing baseline tone
-mild-bronchoconstriction

21
Q

What does the sympathetic system do to the respiratory tract?

A

-beta 2-adrenergic-mediated broncho-dilation = reduce parasymp bronchoconstriction

-alpha 1-mediated bronchoconstriction (minimal)

22
Q

What does the NANC system do to the respiratory tract?

A

-bronchodilation via neurotransmitters

-ex. vasoactive intestinal peptide

23
Q

What does chronic severe asthma look like compared to no asthma?

A

-alveoli and ducts swell and become thicker = harder to exchange gases

-decreased surface area = less exchange

-in very chronic = the exchange surface is destroyed

24
Q

What is a cough?

A

-forced air expiration against a closed glottis which expels air and unwanted material

-voluntary or involuntary

25
Q

What is the pathway for a cough?

A

mucosal surface lining respiratory tract -> impulses relayed via vagus nerve -> cough center in brain -> efferent stimulus -> diaphragm, glottis, chest and abdomen muscles

26
Q

What is asthma?

A

-chronic inflamm disorder
-inflammation causes wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, coughing
-associated with widespread airflow obstruction
-reversible
-associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness

27
Q

How does cold environment make asthma worse?

A

-the air is drier
-cold = body pulls blood to center and everything constricts = decreased blood flow

27
Q

What are the other names for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?

A

-exercise-induced asthma
-exercise-induced bronchospasm
-postexercise bronchoconstriction
-thermally induced asthma

28
Q

What is the possible pathway for asthma?

A

-environmental and genetic causes -> inflammation -> airway response -> breathing limitation

-triggers (allergy, infectious, irritant, exercise) -> symptoms -> breathing limitation & airway response

28
Q

What is emphysema?

A

-destroyed gas exchange surfaces in alveoli
-describes one of many abnormalities in COPD pt

29
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

-cough and sputum for min 3 months each year for two years in a row
-related to COPD but doesn’t reflect the major impact

30
Q

What is COPD?

A

-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-umbrells term for things with limited airflow
-progressive, small airway disease and parenchymal destruction
-abnormal infl response
-preventable and treatable

31
Q

What are the two possible mechanisms of COPD?

A

-inflammation -> small airway disease = infl and remodelling -> airflow limitation

-inflammation -> parenchymal destruction = lose alveoli; dec. elastic recall -> airflow limitation

32
Q

What factors can increase the risk of COPD?

A

-genes
-exposure to smoke, dust, pollution
-oxidative stress
-socioeconomic status
-nutrition
-asthma

33
Q

What is the difference between asthma and COPD?

A

-asthma cause: eosinophilic inflammation

-COPD cause: neutrophilic inflammation

34
Q

How is asthma and COPD related?

A

-they can coexist
-can be distinguished from one another usually
-sometimes cant differentiate in a pt

35
Q

What are the clinical suggestive features of COPD?

A

-onset midlife
-slowly progresses
-long smoking history
-dyspnea during exercise
-irreversible airflow limitation

36
Q

What are the clinical suggestive features of Asthma?

A

-onset early in life
-symptoms change day to day
-worse early morning, night
-family history of asthma
-also has allergy, rhinitis, eczema
reversible airflow limitation

Pharm 2 (11 decks)

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