Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm 2 > OTC > Flashcards

OTC Flashcards

1
Q

phytotherapy

A

-science of using plant-derived substances to treat and prevent illness
-not always an identified active ingredient
-long history in EU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four classes of herbs

A

-Class 1: herbs safely consumed
-Class 2: some restrictions apply
-Class 3: only to be used under supervision of expert
-Class 4: insufficient data for classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between a health claim and a structure-function claim?

A

-health claim: describes the relationship between substance and disease condition
-structure-function claim: most common; won’t claim to prevent disease; notes physiological effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between a health claim and a qualified health claim?

A

-health claim is not approved by the FDA
-qualified health claim: based on emerging science; must be FDA-approved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994?

A

-cannot claim to prevent or cure a condition
-must display disclaimer: “This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some problems surrounding dietary supplements?

A

-supplements not subject to same standards as OTC or prescription drugs
-dosage of active ingredient can vary from different plants, climates, environments etc.
-proof of safety or efficacy is not required
-discrepancy between label and what is actually inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an example of an FDA warnings?

A

-consumers warned to immediately stop the use of LipoKinetix which caused serious liver injuries
-not listed on the bottle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the result of a study of 20 multivitamins?

A

-some contained led
-some contained more or less than the labelled amount
-some took longer than allowed to disentigrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is echinacea?

A

-source: purple cornflower
-content: flavonoids, phenols, iron, K+, vit A, C, E
-indication: stop flu or cold
-action: works on macrophages
-cautions: avoid if immunocompromised, not for continuous use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the MOA of echinacea?

A

-natural antibiotic
-suppress virus activity, stimulate the immune system, activate T-cells
-topical or oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the contraindications of echinacea?

A

-not for pregnant or breastfeeding
-not for immunocompromised pt; can accelerate progression of conditions
-treatment restricted to 8 weeks at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What class is echinacea?

A

class 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is garlic?

A

-source: garlic plant
-indication: to lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides
-action: when crushed = activates sulfur-containing compounds
-cautions: allergies, GI symptoms, interact with anticoagulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the MOA of garlic?

A

-inhibits platelet aggregation
-prevents clotting
-suppress mobilization of intraplatelet Ca = inhibits cyclooxygenase activity = decreases thromboxane A2
-antioxidant properties
-interact with GP2b/3a receptors = reduce platelet binding to fibrinogen
-effects mostly only studied in vitro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the general steps to primary and secondary hemostasis?

A

-primary: aggregation = platelet aggregation -> clotting -> clot
-secondary: coagulation = thrombin -> fibrin -> clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Gingko biloba?

A

-source: gingko tree
-indication: improve circulation, mental decline
-action: antiox effect, inhibit platelet aggregation
-cautions: GI issues, allergy, increase MAOI effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What class is Gingko?

A

class 2d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a major adverse effect of gingko?

A

-doubled risk of hemorrhaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is St. Johns Wort?

A

-source: perennial herb
-indication: for mild-moderate depression
-action: stimulates neurons, increase reuptake of NT
-class 2d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Monoamine oxidase ?

A

-highest in liver, GI, CNS
-met of noradrenaline and dopamine from nerve terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

A

-drugs that prevent met of noradrenaline and dopamine
-used in Parkinson’s disease (decrease in dopamine) to increase dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the cheese effect?

A

-people on MOA inhibitors ate cheese and some died
-hypertensive crisis = BP increases
-increased tyramine in gut from cheese -> increased levels in blood -> enter neuron -> lots of tyramine and adrenaline in neuron and can’t be degraded because MAO inhibitors prevent it -> tyramine displaces noradrenaline -> neurons get overexcited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What foods contain high amounts of tyramine?

A

-cheese, meat, red wine, beer

24
Q

What is tyramine/amphetamine?

A

-resembles noradrenaline
-displaces NA from vesicles to cytosol
-no direct action on adrenoceptors

25
Q

What acts on the adrenergic receptor?

A

-adrenaline
-NOT tyramine

26
Q

What is ginseng?

A

-source: ginseng plant
-indication: improve steroidlike components
-action: ginsenosides = enhance immune function
-cautions: class 2, contra with hypertension, overstimulation

27
Q

What is hawthorn?

A

-source: native EU tree
-indication: improve blood flow
-action: dilates coronary vessels, strengthens heart contractions
-cautions: class 1

28
Q

What is saw palmetto?

A

-source: palm tree
-indications: reduce the incidence of BPH
-action: not sure, mimics estrogen
-cautions: has phytoestrogens = interfere with hormone therapy

29
Q

What is valerian?

A

-source: perennial herb
-indications: minor tranquilizer
-actions: GABA binding
-cautions: class 1, withdrawal symptoms

30
Q

What happens when the drug tetracycline interacts with calcium and magnesium?

A

-increased absorption of unused drug
-decreases effect of drug

31
Q

What happens when fluoroquinolones interact with calcium and magnesium?

A

-decreases drug effects
-increased unused drug absorption

32
Q

What happens when tetracycline interacts with St. John’s wort?

A

increased photosensitivity

33
Q

What happens when fluoxetine interacts with St. John’s wort?

A

CNS depression

34
Q

What happens when antihistamine drugs interact with alcohol?

A

CNS depression

35
Q

What happens when antihistamines interact with st. John’s wort?

A

serotonin syndrome and increased photosensitivity

36
Q

What are omega-3 fatty acids?

A

-alpha linolenic acid = 18:3n-3
-required for health but not synth in humans
-derived from plants

37
Q

What other two types of omega 3 FA can humans synthesize from ALA?

A

-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) = 20:5n-3
-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) = 22:6n-3
-these are called marine-derived (in fish)

38
Q

Is Omega-3 synthesized in humans?

A

-no, must be consumed

39
Q

Eicosapentaenoic acid

A

20:5n-3

40
Q

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

A

22:6n-3

41
Q

What compound do preterm infants require and what is it for?

A

-DHA
-important in brain and retina development
-preterm infants can’t make enough = DHA must be in formula

42
Q

What is the relationship between fish consumption and coronary heart disease?

A

-mortality from CHD and MI much lower in men that are 35g of fish daily than men who didnt
-even small increase in ALA intake = great decrease in acute MI risk
-inverse relationship with fish and sudden cardiac death

43
Q

What is the issue with fish oils?

A

-you cannot reduce a whole food into a pill

44
Q

What kind of cells are involved in inflammation?

A

-B cells and T cells
-part of the immune system
-in the blood

45
Q

Can EPA and DHA aid in inflammatory diseases?

A

-benefits seen after 12 weeks of supplementation for rheumatoid arthritis
-benefits seen for ulcerative colitits = decreased infl. mediators, weight gain, decreased corticosteroid used

46
Q

what supplement can be indicated for depression and bipolar disease and what evidence is there?

A

-omega-3 fatty acids (DHA, EPA)
-people with depression may have low levels of omega 3 in plasma and fat
-pt who took EPA and DHA experiences longer remission of bipolar disorder and less depression

47
Q

does EPA and DHA prevent blood clotting?

A

yes

48
Q

What are common adverse nutrient/drug interactions?

A

-calcium and antibiotics
-tyramine and MAO inhibitors
-Vit K and warfarin
-alcohol and stimulants
-grapefruit juice and statins

49
Q

what do laxatives interact with and what is the effect?

A

-vit and minerals
-decrease nutrient absorption

50
Q

what do diuretics interact with and what is the effect?

A

-minerals
-increases mineral loss in urine

51
Q

What do antineoplastics interact with and what is the effect?

A

-folic acid, vit b
-decreases vitamin absorption

52
Q

What do antihyperlipidemics interact with and what is the effect?

A

-fat sol vit (A, D, E, K)
-decrease vitamin absorption

53
Q

What do acid blockers interact with and what is the effect?

A

-vit B12
-decrease vitamin absorption

54
Q

How does coffee and tea interact with the body?

A

-interferes with iron
-caffeine binds to it
-in tea: tannin interferes

55
Q

How does smoking interact with drugs?

A

-caffeine = increase clearance by 56%
-flecainide = increase clearance by 61%
-insulin =increase in insulin requirement
-propranolol = increase clearance by 77%
-theophylline= increase clearance by 58-100%, decrease half-life, increase Vd
-warfarin = INR prolonged

Pharm 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions