Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm 2 > Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the SBP and DBP for a normal person?

A

SBP: <120
and
DBP: <80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the SBP and DBP of prehypertension?

A

SBP: 120-139
or
DBP: 80-89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the SBP and DBP of a person with stage 1 hypertension?

A

SBP: 140-159
or
DBP: 90-99

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the SBP and DBP of a person with stage 2 hypertension?

A

SBP: >160
or
DBP: >100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is essential hypertension?

A

-hypertension where the cause is unknown
-occurs in 90-95% of cases
-treated symptomatically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the biggest problem with high blood pressure?

A

stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If the cause of hypertension is known, what is it called?

A

secondary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 4 possible causes of secondary hypertension?

A

-sleep apnea
-thyroid disease
-Cushing’s syndrome
-chronic kidney disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 4 systems that could have complications due to hypertension?

A

-cardiovascular system
-CNS
-Renal system
-Retinal damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What organ damage can occur from hypertension?

A

-Heart: myocardial infarcts, failure, coronary disease
-Brain: stroke, ischemic attacks
-Kidneys: chronic disease, failure
-Retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 4 contributing factors to hypertension?

A

-obesity
-stress
-diet
-smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the equation for Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

MAP = CO x PVR

-CO = HR x SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What factors affect cardiac output (CO)?

A

-blood volume
-heart contactility
-venous tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What things affect pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

A

-myogenic tone
-vascular responsiveness
-vasoactive metabolites
-nervous control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does a decrease in blood pressure directly lead to?

A

-increase in sympathetic activity
-decreases in renal blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does an increase in sympathetic activity cause?

A

-activates b1 adrenoceptors in heart
-activates a1 adrenoceptor in SM
-activates b1 adrenoceptors on kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does a decrease in renal blood flow cause?

A

-Renin release
-decrease in glomerular filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does renin release cause?

A

-increase in angiotensin 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What two things cause renin release?

A

-decrease in renal blood flow
-activation of b1 adrenoceptor of kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What increase in angiotensin 2 cause?

A

-increased peripheral resistance
-increased aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does activation of b1 heart adrenoceptors cause?

A

-increased cardiac output

22
Q

What does activation of a1 SM adrenoceptors cause?

A

-increased venous return
-increased peripheral resistance

23
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

increase sodium and water retention

24
Q

what does increased sodium and water retention cause?

A

increased blood volume

25
Q

What three things ultimately cause increase in BP after a drop?

A

-increased cardiac output
-increased venous return
-increased peripheral resistance

26
Q

What are the 7 categories of antihypertensives?

A

-angiotensin 2 receptor blockers
-renin inhibitors
-calcium channel blockers
-a-blockers
-ace inhibitors
-b-blockers
-others

27
Q

What do ACEI’s do?

A

-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
-stop the converting enzyme from changing angiotensin 1 to 2

  1. reduce symp NS tone
  2. incr. vasodilator tone = dec. in vascular resistance from decreased Ang2 and catecholamines
  3. reduced Na and water retention because of less ang2 and less aldosterone
28
Q

What is the pathway of angiotensinogen to AT1/2?

A

angiotensinogen -> angiotensin 1 via renin -> angiotensin 2 via converting enzyme -> AT1 and AT2 (aldosterone)

29
Q

List 5 adverse effects of ACEIs

A

-postural hypotension
-hyperkalemia
-renal insufficiency
-persistent dry cough
-contraindication in pregnancy

30
Q

What are the three types of beta blockers?

A

-1st generation = nonselective
-2nd generation = b1 cardioselective
-3rd generation = additional CV action

31
Q

What is the relationship between a1 and b2 adrenoceptors?

A

a1 job is the opposite of b2

32
Q

What is the proposed mechanism for beta blockers?

A
  1. block cardiac b1 receptor -> lower CO
  2. block renal b1 receptor -> lower renin, lower PVR, decreases SNS output
33
Q

What is special about carvedilol and labetalol? why is it still used?

A

-is is very non specific
-it blocks alpha and beta receptors

-used because blocking alpha = induces bronchodilation and vasodilation

34
Q

What are the common adverse effects of vasodilator drugs?

A

-fall in BP = reflex tachycardia
-fall in BP = renin -> Na/H2O retention

35
Q

What are three categories of vasodilator drugs?

A
  1. calcium entry blockers
  2. potassium channel openers
  3. direct-acting vasodilators
36
Q

What two calcium blocking drugs do not have reflex tachycardia as an adverse effect?

A

-no reflex tachycardia with verapamil and diltiazem because they directly block Ca channel in heart
-nifedipine doesn’t work on heart, just vascular system
-can’t have reflex tachycardia without Ca+ channels in heart

37
Q

Why is nifedipine not useful as an antiarrhythmic drug?

A

because it is a dihydropyridine and they only work on vascular Ca channels of aorta SM and veins

38
Q

What drugs can be used in hypertensive emergencies?

A

-labetalol iv
-diazoxide iv
-Na-nitroprusside iv

39
Q

What are diuretics?

A

-a substance that promotes urine excretion
-caffeine, alcohol, cranberry juice

40
Q

What are natriuretics?

A

-substances that promote renal excretion of Na+

41
Q

What is the order of structures in the nephron?

A

glomerulus -> proximal convoluted tubule -> descending loop of Henle -> ascending loop of Henle -> distal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct

42
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

increase the reabsorption of sodium and water and increase BP

43
Q

What part of the nephron does acetazolamide work on?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

44
Q

What part of the nephron does furosemide work on?

A

ascending loop of Henle

45
Q

What part of the nephron do thiazides and thiazide-like drugs work on?

A

distal convoluted tubule

46
Q

What part of the nephron does spironolactone work on?

A

collecting duct

47
Q

What is secreted into and reabsorbed from the proximal tubule?

A

-secreted: organic acids
-reabsorbed: Na, K, H2O

48
Q

What is secreted into and reabsorbed from the ascending loop of Henle?

A

-secreted: none
-reabsorbed: Na, K, Cl

49
Q

What is secreted into and reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule?

A

-secreted: none
-Reabsorbed: Cl, Na

50
Q

What is secreted into and reabsorbed from the collecting duct?

A

-secreted: H+, K
-reabsorbed: Na, H2O

Pharm 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions