Respiratory

Question 1

Temperature of Nose

Answer 1

Same as inspired air

Question 2

Functions of the Nose

Answer 2

Filter and Defense function

Question 3

What are Turbinates

Answer 3

Small structures in the nose that cleanse and humidify air that passes through

Question 4

What are the meatus’

Answer 4

Three spaces located underneath the three turbinates

Question 5

Pneumatised areas of the paranasal sinuses

Answer 5

Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoid and Sphenoid bones

Question 6

What are the paranasal sinuses arranged into

Answer 6

Pairs

Question 7

Where is the frontal sinus

Answer 7

Within frontal bone, over orbit and across superciliary arch

Question 8

Nerve supply of Frontal sinuses

Answer 8

Opthalmic division of 5 nerve

Question 9

Where are the Maxillary sinuses and what shape are they

Answer 9

Body of the Maxilla and pyramidal shape

Question 10

Where do the Maxillary sinuses open into

Answer 10

Middle meatus and then the Hiatus Semilunaris

Question 11

What is the Hiatus Semilunaris

Answer 11

Crescent shaped groove in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Question 12

Where are the Ethmoid Sinuses

Answer 12

Between the eyes

Question 13

What are the Ethmoid sinuses

Answer 13

A labyrinth of air cells

Question 14

Nerve supply of Ethmoid sinuses

Answer 14

Opthalmic and Maxillary v Nerve

Question 15

Where are the sphenoid sinuses situated

Answer 15

Medial to Cavernous sinus and interior to optic canal, dura and pituitary gland

Question 16

Where do the Sphenoid sinuses empty into

Answer 16

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 17

Nerve supply of Sphenoid sinuses

Answer 17

Opthalmic V

Question 18

Equation for PaCO2

Answer 18

PaCO2=kV(co2)/VA

Question 19

V̇(A) meaning

Answer 19

Alveolar Ventilation

Question 20

V̇co2 meaning

Answer 20

CO2 production

Question 21

Alveolar Gas equation

Answer 21

PAO2 = PiO-PaCO2/R

Question 22

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Answer 22

pH=6.1 + log10[[HCO3-]/[0.03*PCO2]]

Question 23

Carbonic acid equilibrium equation

Answer 23

CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3-

Question 24

Is Asthma caused by a single mutation in one gene?

Answer 24

No, it is caused by multiple

Question 25

What is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder in Caucasians

Answer 25

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 26

A mutation in which gene on which chromosome results in CF?

Answer 26

Chromosome 7 (Long arm) CFTR

Question 27

Most common CFTR mutation

Answer 27

F508del mutation

Question 28

What does abnormal CTFR lead to

Answer 28

Dysregulated epithelial fluid transport

Question 29

How is Cystic Fibrosis diagnosed

Answer 29

Genetic profile and neonatal screening

Question 30

How many classes of CF genotype are there?

Answer 30

6

Question 31

CF Class 1-3 explanation

Answer 31

1- no functional CFTR protein made 2-CFTR protein made but mis-folded (F508del) 3-CFTR protein formed into a channel but doesn't open

Question 32

CF genotype classifications class 4-6:

Answer 32

4-CFTR protein formed into a channel but chloride ions do not pass through 5-CFTR not made in sufficient quantities 6-CFTR protein with decreased cell surface stability

Question 33

What do to the pancreas?

Answer 33

Blocks exocrine ducts

Question 34

Some CF prevention management examples (5)

Answer 34

Suppression of chronic infections Bronchodilation Anti inflammatory Diabetes Vaccinations

Question 35

What is an Ivacaftor in treatment of CF, what does it do and what mutation is it effective for?

Answer 35

CFTR potentiator Increases chloride secretion Class 3 mutation

Question 36

What Genotype directed therapy is used for mutation F508del (Class 2)

Answer 36

Orkambi

Question 37

How does Orkambi work

Answer 37

CFTR corrector, which corrects cellular misprocessing of CFTR

Question 38

What is AATD

Answer 38

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Question 39

Consequences of AATD

Answer 39

Early onset emphysema and bronciectasis

Question 40

How does AATD cause emphysema

Answer 40

Unopposed action of neutrophil elastase in the lung

Question 41

What common variant is implicated in COPD

Answer 41

HHIP