Respiratory Flashcards
Temperature of Nose
Same as inspired air
Functions of the Nose
Filter and Defense function
What are Turbinates
Small structures in the nose that cleanse and humidify air that passes through
What are the meatus’
Three spaces located underneath the three turbinates
Pneumatised areas of the paranasal sinuses
Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoid and Sphenoid bones
What are the paranasal sinuses arranged into
Pairs
Where is the frontal sinus
Within frontal bone, over orbit and across superciliary arch
Nerve supply of Frontal sinuses
Opthalmic division of 5 nerve
Where are the Maxillary sinuses and what shape are they
Body of the Maxilla and pyramidal shape
Where do the Maxillary sinuses open into
Middle meatus and then the Hiatus Semilunaris
What is the Hiatus Semilunaris
Crescent shaped groove in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Where are the Ethmoid Sinuses
Between the eyes
What are the Ethmoid sinuses
A labyrinth of air cells
Nerve supply of Ethmoid sinuses
Opthalmic and Maxillary v Nerve
Where are the sphenoid sinuses situated
Medial to Cavernous sinus and interior to optic canal, dura and pituitary gland
Where do the Sphenoid sinuses empty into
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Nerve supply of Sphenoid sinuses
Opthalmic V
Equation for PaCO2
PaCO2=kV(co2)/VA
V̇(A) meaning
Alveolar Ventilation
V̇co2 meaning
CO2 production
Alveolar Gas equation
PAO2 = PiO-PaCO2/R
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH=6.1 + log10[[HCO3-]/[0.03*PCO2]]
Carbonic acid equilibrium equation
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
Is Asthma caused by a single mutation in one gene?
No, it is caused by multiple
What is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder in Caucasians
Cystic Fibrosis
A mutation in which gene on which chromosome results in CF?
Chromosome 7 (Long arm)
CFTR
Most common CFTR mutation
F508del mutation
What does abnormal CTFR lead to
Dysregulated epithelial fluid transport
How is Cystic Fibrosis diagnosed
Genetic profile and neonatal screening
How many classes of CF genotype are there?
6
CF Class 1-3 explanation
1- no functional CFTR protein made
2-CFTR protein made but mis-folded (F508del)
3-CFTR protein formed into a channel but doesn’t open
CF genotype classifications class 4-6:
4-CFTR protein formed into a channel but chloride ions do not pass through
5-CFTR not made in sufficient quantities
6-CFTR protein with decreased cell surface stability
What do to the pancreas?
Blocks exocrine ducts
Some CF prevention management examples (5)
Suppression of chronic infections
Bronchodilation
Anti inflammatory
Diabetes
Vaccinations
What is an Ivacaftor in treatment of CF, what does it do and what mutation is it effective for?
CFTR potentiator
Increases chloride secretion
Class 3 mutation
What Genotype directed therapy is used for mutation F508del (Class 2)
Orkambi
How does Orkambi work
CFTR corrector, which corrects cellular misprocessing of CFTR
What is AATD
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Consequences of AATD
Early onset emphysema and bronciectasis
How does AATD cause emphysema
Unopposed action of neutrophil elastase in the lung
What common variant is implicated in COPD
HHIP
