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Respiratory system > Lung physiology > Flashcards

Lung physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What properties does the chest wall and lung have that makes expiration passive

A

Elastic properties

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2
Q

What nerve controls the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

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3
Q

Volume of dead space in alveoli

A

Physiological = 175 mls

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4
Q

What v
arteries supply the lung

A

Bronchial arteries

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5
Q

What veins drain the lungs

A

Bronchial veins, ultimately draining to the superior vena cava

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6
Q

What does Pa and PA mean

A

Pa- Partial pressure in arterial
PA-Partial pressure in Alveolar

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7
Q

PiO2 and FiO2 meaning

A

Pressure of inspired oxygen
Fraction of inspired oxygen (0.21)

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8
Q

V̇(A) and V̇(co2) meaning

A

Alveolar ventilation and CO2 production

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9
Q

Equation for CO2 elimination

A

PaCO2=kV̇(co2)/V̇(A)

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10
Q

Normal PaCO2

A

4-6kpa

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11
Q

3 ways CO2 is carried

A

Haemoglobin
Plasma dissolved
Carbonic acid

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12
Q

Alveolar Gas Equation

A

PAO2=PiO2-Paco2/R

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13
Q

Respiratory quotient

A

0.8 (ratio of CO2 released/O2 absorbed)

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14
Q

4 measurements that can be taken by a blood gases test

A

Paco2
PaO2
pH
HCO3-

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15
Q

Carbonic acid equilibrium

A

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-

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16
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A

pH=6.1 + log10[[HCO3-]/[0.03*PCO2]]

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17
Q

What is Respiratory acidosis and Respiratory alkalosis

A

Increased PaCO2 and decreased PaCO2 respectively

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18
Q

What does VC mean in lung physiology

A

VC=Vital Capacity

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19
Q

What does VT mean?

A

Tidal Volume

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20
Q

What does TLC mean

A

Total Lung Capacity

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21
Q

What does FRC mean

A

Functional Residual capacity

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22
Q

What does RV mean

A

Residual Volume

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23
Q

What does PEF mean

A

Peak expiratory flow

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24
Q

What is a peak flow meter also known as

A

Spirometer

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25
Q

Two ways to measure RV (residual volume) and TLC (Tidal Lung capacity)

A

Gas Dilution
Body box aka total body plethysmography

26
Q

How does Gas dilution work

A

Breathing Helium in and out until the concentration of Helium in the spirometer is constant

27
Q

What does Gas Dilution use to work out RV and TLC

A

End concentration of Helium

28
Q

What does a person do during Total body plethysmography

A

Pants into a closed shutter

29
Q

What law is used in Total body plethysmography
What does it state

A

Boyles law
Pressure of confined gas is inversely proportional to volume

30
Q

What does Total body plethysmography measure

A

Changes in Pressure of the box, which are inversley proportionate to volume of air in the chest

31
Q

What does Total body plethysmography measure in terms of lung volumes

A

FRC, IC, expiratory reserve volume and vital capacity

32
Q

What is a TLCO test

A

Using Carbon monoxide to get transfer estimates of the lung

33
Q

What is Compliance of lung (Transpulmonary pressure)

A

Change in volume per unit change in pressure gradient between the pleura and alveoli

34
Q

What is static and dynamic compliance

A

Static- measuring compliance during breath hold
Dynamic- measuring compliance during regular breathing

35
Q

What % of FEV1/Predicted FEV1 value is considered normal

36
Q

If the FVC/predicted FVC is <80% what could this indicate

A

Airways Restriction

37
Q

If the FEV1/FVV ratio is <0.7 what could this indicate

A

Airways obstruction

38
Q

Where are the Respiratory control centres located

A

Medulla Oblongata and Pons in the Brainstem

39
Q

What are the two centres of the Pons involved in Basic Breathing Rhythm

A

Pneumotaxic and Apneustic

40
Q

Two groups of the Medulla Oblongata responsible for breathing

A

Dorsal respiratory group
Ventral Respiratory group

41
Q

What is the DRG predominantly active during

A

Inspiration

42
Q

What is the VRG active during (in breathing)

A

Inspiration and Expiration

43
Q

What muscles can Expiration become active with

A

Abdominal wall muscle activity

44
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located

A

Brainstem (Pontomedullary Junction)

45
Q

What are the central chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

PaCO2 in blood

46
Q

What happens to ventilation with an increase in PaCO2

47
Q

Where are Peripheral chemoreceptors located for respiratory

A

Bifurcation of common Carotid and ascending aorta

48
Q

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

Hypoxia (reduced PaO2)

49
Q

3 Types of Lung receptors

A

Stretch
J receptors
Irritant

50
Q

Where are stretch receptors located

A

Smooth muscle

51
Q

Where are Irritant receptors located

A

Larger conducting airways

52
Q

Where are J receptors located

A

Pulmonary and Bronchial C fibres

53
Q

What are the receptors of the Pharynx activated by

A

Swallowing

54
Q

What does the Pneumotaxic centre do?

A

Sends inhibitory impules to inspiratory centres

55
Q

What does dead space include?

A

Air in the nose, pharynx, trachea and bronchioles

56
Q

What does the Apneustic centre do?

A

Sends signals for inspiration for long and deep breaths

57
Q

Where are the Pneumotacix and Apneustic centres located?

A

In the pons

58
Q

What innervates peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid bodies- Glossopharyngeal
Aortic bodies- Vagus nerve

59
Q

What does the Respiratory drive of patients with COPD rely on? Why?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors (Oxygen driven)
Constantly high CO2 levels, meaning they don’t respond to central chemoreceptor stimulation

60
Q

is Oxygen a Vasoconstrictor or VasoDilator in the Pulmonary Vessels?

A

Oxygen is a vasodilator

Respiratory system (4 decks)

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