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Lung physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What properties does the chest wall and lung have that makes expiration passive

A

Elastic properties

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2
Q

What nerve controls the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

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3
Q

Volume of dead space in alveoli

A

Physiological = 175 mls

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4
Q

What v
arteries supply the lung

A

Bronchial arteries

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5
Q

What veins drain the lungs

A

Bronchial veins, ultimately draining to the superior vena cava

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6
Q

What does Pa and PA mean

A

Pa- Partial pressure in arterial
PA-Partial pressure in Alveolar

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7
Q

PiO2 and FiO2 meaning

A

Pressure of inspired oxygen
Fraction of inspired oxygen (0.21)

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8
Q

V̇(A) and V̇(co2) meaning

A

Alveolar ventilation and CO2 production

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9
Q

Equation for CO2 elimination

A

PaCO2=kV̇(co2)/V̇(A)

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10
Q

Normal PaCO2

A

4-6kpa

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11
Q

3 ways CO2 is carried

A

Haemoglobin
Plasma dissolved
Carbonic acid

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12
Q

Alveolar Gas Equation

A

PAO2=PiO2-Paco2/R

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13
Q

Respiratory quotient

A

0.8 (ratio of CO2 released/O2 absorbed)

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14
Q

4 measurements that can be taken by a blood gases test

A

Paco2
PaO2
pH
HCO3-

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15
Q

Carbonic acid equilibrium

A

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-

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16
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A

pH=6.1 + log10[[HCO3-]/[0.03*PCO2]]

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17
Q

What is Respiratory acidosis and Respiratory alkalosis

A

Increased PaCO2 and decreased PaCO2 respectively

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18
Q

What does VC mean in lung physiology

A

VC=Vital Capacity

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19
Q

What does VT mean?

A

Tidal Volume

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20
Q

What does TLC mean

A

Total Lung Capacity

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21
Q

What does FRC mean

A

Functional Residual capacity

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22
Q

What does RV mean

A

Residual Volume

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23
Q

What does PEF mean

A

Peak expiratory flow

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24
Q

What is a peak flow meter also known as

A

Spirometer

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25
Two ways to measure RV (residual volume) and TLC (Tidal Lung capacity)
Gas Dilution Body box aka total body plethysmography
26
How does Gas dilution work
Breathing Helium in and out until the concentration of Helium in the spirometer is constant
27
What does Gas Dilution use to work out RV and TLC
End concentration of Helium
28
What does a person do during Total body plethysmography
Pants into a closed shutter
29
What law is used in Total body plethysmography What does it state
Boyles law Pressure of confined gas is inversely proportional to volume
30
What does Total body plethysmography measure
Changes in Pressure of the box, which are inversley proportionate to volume of air in the chest
31
What does Total body plethysmography measure in terms of lung volumes
FRC, IC, expiratory reserve volume and vital capacity
32
What is a TLCO test
Using Carbon monoxide to get transfer estimates of the lung
33
What is Compliance of lung (Transpulmonary pressure)
Change in volume per unit change in pressure gradient between the pleura and alveoli
34
What is static and dynamic compliance
Static- measuring compliance during breath hold Dynamic- measuring compliance during regular breathing
35
What % of FEV1/Predicted FEV1 value is considered normal
80% +
36
If the FVC/predicted FVC is <80% what could this indicate
Airways Restriction
37
If the FEV1/FVV ratio is <0.7 what could this indicate
Airways obstruction
38
Where are the Respiratory control centres located
Medulla Oblongata and Pons in the Brainstem
39
What are the two centres of the Pons involved in Basic Breathing Rhythm
Pneumotaxic and Apneustic
40
Two groups of the Medulla Oblongata responsible for breathing
Dorsal respiratory group Ventral Respiratory group
41
What is the DRG predominantly active during
Inspiration
42
What is the VRG active during (in breathing)
Inspiration and Expiration
43
What muscles can Expiration become active with
Abdominal wall muscle activity
44
Where are central chemoreceptors located
Brainstem (Pontomedullary Junction)
45
What are the central chemoreceptors sensitive to
PaCO2 in blood
46
What happens to ventilation with an increase in PaCO2
Increases
47
Where are Peripheral chemoreceptors located for respiratory
Bifurcation of common Carotid and ascending aorta
48
What are the peripheral chemoreceptors sensitive to
Hypoxia (reduced PaO2)
49
3 Types of Lung receptors
Stretch J receptors Irritant
50
Where are stretch receptors located
Smooth muscle
51
Where are Irritant receptors located
Larger conducting airways
52
Where are J receptors located
Pulmonary and Bronchial C fibres
53
What are the receptors of the Pharynx activated by
Swallowing
54
What does the Pneumotaxic centre do?
Sends inhibitory impules to inspiratory centres
55
What does dead space include?
Air in the nose, pharynx, trachea and bronchioles
56
What does the Apneustic centre do?
Sends signals for inspiration for long and deep breaths
57
Where are the Pneumotacix and Apneustic centres located?
In the pons
58
What innervates peripheral chemoreceptors?
Carotid bodies- Glossopharyngeal Aortic bodies- Vagus nerve
59
What does the Respiratory drive of patients with COPD rely on? Why?
Peripheral chemoreceptors (Oxygen driven) Constantly high CO2 levels, meaning they don't respond to central chemoreceptor stimulation
60
is Oxygen a Vasoconstrictor or VasoDilator in the Pulmonary Vessels?
Oxygen is a vasodilator
61

Respiratory system (4 decks)

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