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HOSA - Pathophysiology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

aka: infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

hyaline membrane disease

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2
Q

define INFANT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

A

acute hypoxemia caused by infiltrates within alveoli

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3
Q

s/s: infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

nasal flaring, grunting respirations, sternal retractions, reduced oxygen tension, ineffective gas exchange, cyanotic w/mottled skin

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4
Q

cause: IRDS

A

baby lacks surfactant to allow alveoli to expand causing inadequate surface area for proper gas exchange

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5
Q

tx: IRDS

A
  • supplemental oxygen
  • drug therapy
  • exogenous surfactant
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6
Q

prevention methods for IRDS?

A

inject mom w/corticosteroid 24 hours before delivery

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7
Q

cause of laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, & bronchomalacia

A

softened/underdeveloped cartilage causing airway to partially or completely collapse

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8
Q

define BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD)

A

chronic lung disease causing lungs to be stiff, obstructed, and hard to ventilate in baby after insult to neonate’s lungs

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9
Q

what may be a sequela to IRDS, lung infection, or extreme maturity

A

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

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10
Q

s/s: bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

periods of dyspnea, tachypnea, wheezing, cyanosis, nasal flaring, sternal retractions, O2 sat decrease, heart rate decrease, cough, difficulty feeding, working hard to breathe, poor posture of neck/shoulders/upper body, wet/crackling sounds in lungs

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11
Q

cause: bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A
  • IRDS
  • mechanical ventilation w/oxygen
  • infection/pneumonia
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12
Q

why does mechanical ventilation w/supplemental oxygen cause bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

pressure & O2 damage lung tissue causing overinflation/scarring

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13
Q

how is bronchopulmonary dysplasia diagnosed

A
  • observation for respiratory distress
  • abnormal chest xrays (signs of alveolar damage/ground glass appearance)
  • low O2 levels & high CO2 levels
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14
Q

tx: bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A
  • replace damaged alveoli
  • supportive treatment
  • supplemental oxygen
  • adequate nutrition
  • diuretics, bronchodilators, anitinflammatories
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15
Q

prognosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

good w/early & aggressive intervention

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16
Q

complications of bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

A

pulmonary edema, hypertension, right-sided heart failure, respiratory infections, apnea, tracheomalacia, asthma, GI reflux, aspiration, susceptible to respiratory infections, poor growth, delayed development

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17
Q

prevention for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

none; early weaning from mechanical respiratory

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18
Q

define CYSTIC FIBROSIS

A

chronic dysfunction of gene affecting multiple body systems

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19
Q

what is the most common fatal genetic disease

A

cystic fibrosis

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20
Q

sx: cystic fibrosis

A
  • copious thick and sticky mucus blocking glandular ducts
  • dry paroxysmal cough
  • exercise intolerance
  • pneumonia
  • bulky diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • bowel obstruction
  • pancreatic changes
  • fat & fiber replace normal tissue
  • increased concentration of salt in sweat
  • normal growth and ability to thrive reduced
  • sinus infections
  • infertility
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21
Q

cause: cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive disorder; chronic dysfunction of gene cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

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22
Q

how is cystic fibrosis diagnosed

A

genetic testing, family history, pulmonary function test, chest xray, stool study, sweat test

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23
Q

tx: cystic fibrosis

A
  • high calorie high sodium-chloried diet
  • chest physiotherapy
  • vitamin A, D, E, and K supplements
  • increased fluids
  • pancreatic enzyme supplements
  • broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • percussive therapy
  • drugs to thin mucus
  • lung transplants
  • avoid respiration irritants
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24
Q

what is the life expectancy of someone with cystic fibrosis

A

30s

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25
define DIPTHERIA
acute disease causing necrosis of mucous membrane in respiratory
26
sx: diptheria
sore throat, dysphagia, cough, hoarseness, chills, fever, swollen regional lymph nodes, foul breath, cyanosis, grayish patches of thick mucous membranes, impaired swallowing & speech
27
list potential complications of diphtheria
otitis media, pneumonia, myocarditis, paralysis
28
how is diptheria diagnosed
culture of throat & stain positive for C. diptheria, schick test, antibodies in serum
29
tx: diphtheria
diphtheria antitoxin, antibiotics, bed rest, tolerated diet
30
when are kids given first dose of diphtheria vaccine
2-3 months
31
define PERTUSSIS
bacterial infection of respiratory tract
32
cause: pertussis
bacteria Bordetella pertussis transmitted via respiratory droplets transmitted via direct or indirect contact
33
how is pertussis diagnosed
PCR test, elevated WBC count
34
tx: pertussis
erythromycin, increased fluids, nutritious diet, quiet rest
35
what are possible complications of pertussis
bronchopneumonia, convulsions, hemorrhages
36
aka: pertussis
whooping cough
37
t/f: pertussis is not fatal if untreated
false
38
cause of measles
measles virus (Morbillivirus) spread through direct contact/airborne respiratory droplets
39
what is the incubation period for measles
8-12 days after exposure
40
when is a person with measles contagious
4 days before onset rash and 4 days after
41
aka: measles
rubeola
42
how is measles diagnosed
history of exposure, clinical picture, Koplik spots
43
tx: measles
let disease run course, acetaminophen & tepid sponge baths
44
list complications of measles
pneumonia, otitis media, conjunctivitis, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
45
when is the MMR vaccine given
- 1st dose @ 12-18 months - booster @ school age
46
describe SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS (SSPE)
rare form of encephalitis from reactivation of measles
47
s/s: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
cerebral infection, atrophy of cortical areas of brain, demyelination, ventricular dilation, brain diffusely inflamed, progressive motor/mental/intellectual deterioration, severe dementia, seizures, blindness, fever, involuntary movements, eventual decerebrate rigidity
48
how is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis diagnosed
CSF shows elevated gamma globulin levels, antibody titer elevated, history of measles last 2-10 years
49
aka: rubella
german measles, 3-day measles
50
cause of rubella
rubella virus transmitted through direct contact w/nasal or oral secretions
51
what is the incubation period for rubella
14-21 days
52
when is a pt with rubella contagious
1 week before eruption of rash until 1 week after rash onset
53
where are sporadic epidemics of rubella seen
college campuses
54
how is rubella diagnosed
history of exposure, clinical picture, throat culture, serologic studies
55
tx: rubella
supportive measure (mild analgesic) and quarantine
56
t/f: rubella can be passed from mother to fetus
true
57
aka SIDS
crib death
58
how many infants die of SIDS
1 in 2000
59
the cause of SIDS is unknown, but list risk factors
- mother age less than 20 years - poor prenatal care - smoking and drug abuse during pregnancy - second hand smoke - prematurity - recent URI - sleeping prone - sibling w/apnea - males - winter
60
define CROUP
acute severe inflammation and obstruction of respiratory tract
61
cause of CROUP
virus or bacteria
62
how is croup diagnosed
blood/throat cultures, laryngoscopy, xrays of airway
63
tx: croup
treat symptomatically: antipyretic agents, rest, increased fluid, cool air humidification, antibiotics, steroids, intubation, oxygen therapy
64
cause: epiglottitis
upper respiratory tract infection. heat damage, herpes simplex type 1
65
epiglottitis is usually caused by an upper respiratory tract infection. What viruses/bacteria are associated with this?
HiB, streptococcus pneumoniae, VZV, haemophilus parainfluenzae, staphylococcus aureus
66
how is epiglottitis diagnosed
xray of neck
67
tx: epiglottitis
maintain airway & antibiotics
68
what is the leading cause of chronic illness and school absences
asthma
69
cause of asthma
hereditary, hyperactive & hypersensitive bronchial tubes, allergens, irritants, smoke, cold air, emotions, exercise
70
how is asthma diagnosed
pulmonary function test, chest xray, dermal skin testing, blood test w/CBC
71
tx: asthma
cromolyn sodium/albuterol/theophylline/aerosol corticosteroids, allergy shots, steroid injections, inhalation therapy, oxygen
72
t/f: bronchiolitis is not a common disease in infancy
false
73
how is bronchiolitis diagnosed
pt history, physical exam, chest xray, rapid RSV testing, viral nasopharynx culture
74
tx: bronchiolitis
supportive care, albuterol, racemic epinephrine, hypertonic saline, oxygen IV fluids
75

HOSA - Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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