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HOSA - Pathophysiology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

aka: infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

hyaline membrane disease

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2
Q

define INFANT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

A

acute hypoxemia caused by infiltrates within alveoli

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3
Q

s/s: infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

nasal flaring, grunting respirations, sternal retractions, reduced oxygen tension, ineffective gas exchange, cyanotic w/mottled skin

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4
Q

cause: IRDS

A

baby lacks surfactant to allow alveoli to expand causing inadequate surface area for proper gas exchange

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5
Q

tx: IRDS

A
  • supplemental oxygen
  • drug therapy
  • exogenous surfactant
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6
Q

prevention methods for IRDS?

A

inject mom w/corticosteroid 24 hours before delivery

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7
Q

cause of laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, & bronchomalacia

A

softened/underdeveloped cartilage causing airway to partially or completely collapse

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8
Q

define BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD)

A

chronic lung disease causing lungs to be stiff, obstructed, and hard to ventilate in baby after insult to neonate’s lungs

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9
Q

what may be a sequela to IRDS, lung infection, or extreme maturity

A

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

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10
Q

s/s: bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

periods of dyspnea, tachypnea, wheezing, cyanosis, nasal flaring, sternal retractions, O2 sat decrease, heart rate decrease, cough, difficulty feeding, working hard to breathe, poor posture of neck/shoulders/upper body, wet/crackling sounds in lungs

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11
Q

cause: bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A
  • IRDS
  • mechanical ventilation w/oxygen
  • infection/pneumonia
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12
Q

why does mechanical ventilation w/supplemental oxygen cause bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

pressure & O2 damage lung tissue causing overinflation/scarring

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13
Q

how is bronchopulmonary dysplasia diagnosed

A
  • observation for respiratory distress
  • abnormal chest xrays (signs of alveolar damage/ground glass appearance)
  • low O2 levels & high CO2 levels
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14
Q

tx: bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A
  • replace damaged alveoli
  • supportive treatment
  • supplemental oxygen
  • adequate nutrition
  • diuretics, bronchodilators, anitinflammatories
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15
Q

prognosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

good w/early & aggressive intervention

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16
Q

complications of bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

A

pulmonary edema, hypertension, right-sided heart failure, respiratory infections, apnea, tracheomalacia, asthma, GI reflux, aspiration, susceptible to respiratory infections, poor growth, delayed development

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17
Q

prevention for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

none; early weaning from mechanical respiratory

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18
Q

define CYSTIC FIBROSIS

A

chronic dysfunction of gene affecting multiple body systems

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19
Q

what is the most common fatal genetic disease

A

cystic fibrosis

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20
Q

sx: cystic fibrosis

A
  • copious thick and sticky mucus blocking glandular ducts
  • dry paroxysmal cough
  • exercise intolerance
  • pneumonia
  • bulky diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • bowel obstruction
  • pancreatic changes
  • fat & fiber replace normal tissue
  • increased concentration of salt in sweat
  • normal growth and ability to thrive reduced
  • sinus infections
  • infertility
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21
Q

cause: cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive disorder; chronic dysfunction of gene cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

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22
Q

how is cystic fibrosis diagnosed

A

genetic testing, family history, pulmonary function test, chest xray, stool study, sweat test

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23
Q

tx: cystic fibrosis

A
  • high calorie high sodium-chloried diet
  • chest physiotherapy
  • vitamin A, D, E, and K supplements
  • increased fluids
  • pancreatic enzyme supplements
  • broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • percussive therapy
  • drugs to thin mucus
  • lung transplants
  • avoid respiration irritants
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24
Q

what is the life expectancy of someone with cystic fibrosis

A

30s

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25
Q

define DIPTHERIA

A

acute disease causing necrosis of mucous membrane in respiratory

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26
Q

sx: diptheria

A

sore throat, dysphagia, cough, hoarseness, chills, fever, swollen regional lymph nodes, foul breath, cyanosis, grayish patches of thick mucous membranes, impaired swallowing & speech

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27
Q

list potential complications of diphtheria

A

otitis media, pneumonia, myocarditis, paralysis

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28
Q

how is diptheria diagnosed

A

culture of throat & stain positive for C. diptheria, schick test, antibodies in serum

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29
Q

tx: diphtheria

A

diphtheria antitoxin, antibiotics, bed rest, tolerated diet

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30
Q

when are kids given first dose of diphtheria vaccine

A

2-3 months

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31
Q

define PERTUSSIS

A

bacterial infection of respiratory tract

32
Q

cause: pertussis

A

bacteria Bordetella pertussis transmitted via respiratory droplets transmitted via direct or indirect contact

33
Q

how is pertussis diagnosed

A

PCR test, elevated WBC count

34
Q

tx: pertussis

A

erythromycin, increased fluids, nutritious diet, quiet rest

35
Q

what are possible complications of pertussis

A

bronchopneumonia, convulsions, hemorrhages

36
Q

aka: pertussis

A

whooping cough

37
Q

t/f: pertussis is not fatal if untreated

A

false

38
Q

cause of measles

A

measles virus (Morbillivirus) spread through direct contact/airborne respiratory droplets

39
Q

what is the incubation period for measles

A

8-12 days after exposure

40
Q

when is a person with measles contagious

A

4 days before onset rash and 4 days after

41
Q

aka: measles

A

rubeola

42
Q

how is measles diagnosed

A

history of exposure, clinical picture, Koplik spots

43
Q

tx: measles

A

let disease run course, acetaminophen & tepid sponge baths

44
Q

list complications of measles

A

pneumonia, otitis media, conjunctivitis, encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

45
Q

when is the MMR vaccine given

A
  • 1st dose @ 12-18 months
  • booster @ school age
46
Q

describe SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS (SSPE)

A

rare form of encephalitis from reactivation of measles

47
Q

s/s: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

A

cerebral infection, atrophy of cortical areas of brain, demyelination, ventricular dilation, brain diffusely inflamed, progressive motor/mental/intellectual deterioration, severe dementia, seizures, blindness, fever, involuntary movements, eventual decerebrate rigidity

48
Q

how is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis diagnosed

A

CSF shows elevated gamma globulin levels, antibody titer elevated, history of measles last 2-10 years

49
Q

aka: rubella

A

german measles, 3-day measles

50
Q

cause of rubella

A

rubella virus transmitted through direct contact w/nasal or oral secretions

51
Q

what is the incubation period for rubella

A

14-21 days

52
Q

when is a pt with rubella contagious

A

1 week before eruption of rash until 1 week after rash onset

53
Q

where are sporadic epidemics of rubella seen

A

college campuses

54
Q

how is rubella diagnosed

A

history of exposure, clinical picture, throat culture, serologic studies

55
Q

tx: rubella

A

supportive measure (mild analgesic) and quarantine

56
Q

t/f: rubella can be passed from mother to fetus

A

true

57
Q

aka SIDS

A

crib death

58
Q

how many infants die of SIDS

A

1 in 2000

59
Q

the cause of SIDS is unknown, but list risk factors

A
  • mother age less than 20 years
  • poor prenatal care
  • smoking and drug abuse during pregnancy
  • second hand smoke
  • prematurity
  • recent URI
  • sleeping prone
  • sibling w/apnea
  • males
  • winter
60
Q

define CROUP

A

acute severe inflammation and obstruction of respiratory tract

61
Q

cause of CROUP

A

virus or bacteria

62
Q

how is croup diagnosed

A

blood/throat cultures, laryngoscopy, xrays of airway

63
Q

tx: croup

A

treat symptomatically: antipyretic agents, rest, increased fluid, cool air humidification, antibiotics, steroids, intubation, oxygen therapy

64
Q

cause: epiglottitis

A

upper respiratory tract infection. heat damage, herpes simplex type 1

65
Q

epiglottitis is usually caused by an upper respiratory tract infection. What viruses/bacteria are associated with this?

A

HiB, streptococcus pneumoniae, VZV, haemophilus parainfluenzae, staphylococcus aureus

66
Q

how is epiglottitis diagnosed

A

xray of neck

67
Q

tx: epiglottitis

A

maintain airway & antibiotics

68
Q

what is the leading cause of chronic illness and school absences

A

asthma

69
Q

cause of asthma

A

hereditary, hyperactive & hypersensitive bronchial tubes, allergens, irritants, smoke, cold air, emotions, exercise

70
Q

how is asthma diagnosed

A

pulmonary function test, chest xray, dermal skin testing, blood test w/CBC

71
Q

tx: asthma

A

cromolyn sodium/albuterol/theophylline/aerosol corticosteroids, allergy shots, steroid injections, inhalation therapy, oxygen

72
Q

t/f: bronchiolitis is not a common disease in infancy

A

false

73
Q

how is bronchiolitis diagnosed

A

pt history, physical exam, chest xray, rapid RSV testing, viral nasopharynx culture

74
Q

tx: bronchiolitis

A

supportive care, albuterol, racemic epinephrine, hypertonic saline, oxygen IV fluids

75
Q
A

HOSA - Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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