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HOSA - Pathophysiology > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

define NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLOITIS (NEC)

A

acute inflammatory process from ischemic necrosis of mucosal lining of either/both intestines when intestinal tract of preemie becomes active

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2
Q

s/s: necrotizing enterocolitis

A

feeding intolerance, abdominal distention, diarrhea, bile-colored emesis, blood in stool, decreased/absent bowel sounds, lethargy, body temp instability, brief apneic periods, reduced urine output, hyperbilirubinemia, erythema, tender abdomen

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3
Q

cause: necrotizing enterocolitis

A

unknown: theory = normal GI flora invade intestinal mucosa from shunted blood flow to GI; hypovolemia, sepsis, umbilical catheters, exchange transfusions, IRDS, oral high-calorie concentrated formula

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4
Q

how to diagnosis for necrotizing enterocolitis

A
  • observe feeding and activity level, abdominal distention, impaired body temp, breathing difficulty
  • CBC shows elevated WBC
  • Guaiac test positive for occult blood
  • blood & stool cultures positive for bacteria
  • radiology of intestine
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5
Q

tx: necrotizing entercolitis

A

NPO, feedings via NG/oral tube, IV fluids & antibiotics, monitor respirations & pH, monitor abdominal distention, monitor weigh/input/ouput

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6
Q

prognosis of necrotizing entercolitis

A

fatal w/o immediate & aggressive intervention

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7
Q

how to prevent necrotizing entercolitis

A

hand washing & breast milk

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

aka: congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

congenital pyloric stenosis

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10
Q

define CONGENITAL PYLORIC STENOSIS

A

obstruction associated w/narrowing of pyloric sphincter at exit of stomach

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11
Q

sx: congenital pyloric stenosis

A
  • projectile vomiting
  • failure to gain weight
  • baby appears hungry, feeds, but doesn’t gain weight
  • dehydration & electrolyte imbalances
  • olive-shaped hard mass
  • left to right peristalsis & reverse peristalsis
  • no bile in emesis
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12
Q

cause: congenital pyloric stenosis

A

unknown; hereditary

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13
Q

congenital pyloric stenosis occurs more in

A

males

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14
Q

how is congenital pyloric stenosis diagnosed

A

upper GI radiographic study & ultrasound

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15
Q

tx: congenital pyloric stenosis

A

pyloromyotomy

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16
Q

aka: Hirschsprung disease

A

congenital aganglionic megacolon

17
Q

define HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE

A

impairment of intestinal motility causing obstruction of distal colon

18
Q

sx: hirschsprung disease

A
  • newborn doesn’t pass meconium within 48 hours
  • bile-stained/fecal vomitus
  • doesn’t want to feed
  • distended abdomen
  • failure to thrive
  • obstinate constipation
  • vomiting
  • fever
  • explosive watery diarrhea
  • ribbon-like foul smelling stools
  • easily palpable fecal masses
  • visible peristalsis
  • malnourishment & anemia
19
Q

cause: Hirschsprung disease

A

absence of parasympathetic nerve ganglion cells in segment of colon

20
Q

Hirschsprung disease is more common in

A

males and people with down syndrome

21
Q

how is Hirschsprung disease diagnosed

A

family history, clinical picture, xray of bowels, biopsy

22
Q

tx: Hirschsprung disease

A
  • surgery
  • temporary colostomy
  • maintain electrolyte and fluid balance
23
Q

define INFANTILE COLIC

A

intermittent distress in newborn

24
Q

cause of infantile colic

A

unknown

25
Q

the cause of infantile colic is unknown, but what are some hypothesises

A

improper feeding, overfeeding/swallowing of excessive air, sensitivity to cow’s milk

26
Q

tx: infantile colic

A

eliminate possible causative factors, allow infant to outgrow condition, probiotics, simethicone

27
Q

give examples of helminths

A

roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms

28
Q

how is a helminth infestation diagnosed

A

detection of eggs/worms in anal opening

29
Q

tx: helminth infestation

A

anthelminitic agents, frequent showering & handwashing, launder clothes & linens in hot water and bleach

30
Q

cause: diarrhea

A

infection, medications, allergic reactions, emotions, anatomic abnormalities, malabsorption syndrome, mechanical/chemical irritation, unknown

31
Q

how is diarrhea diagnosed

A

pt history, lab blood testing, stool cultures, stool analysis

32
Q
A

HOSA - Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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