Respiratory

Question 1

What is the purpose of the Respiratory System ?

Answer 1

carry O2 to and remove CO2 from
all body tissues

Question 2

What are the 4 processes that are the purpose of the respiratory system ?

Answer 2

– Pulmonary ventilation
– Pulmonary diffusion
(External Respiration)

– Transport of gases via blood
– Capillary diffusion (Internal Respiration)

Question 3

What is pulmonary ventilation ?

Answer 3

Process of moving air into and out of lungs
– Transport zone (gas exchange not occur)
– Exchange zone

Question 4

What is pulmonary ventilation path ?

Answer 4

Nose/mouth -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchial
tree (bronchiole) -> alveoli

Question 5

Anatomy (lung, pleural sacs, diaphragm, rib cage) determines airflow in and out of lungs.

Answer 5

• Inspiration
• Expiration

Question 6

What is the pulmonary respiration rest position ?

Answer 6

• Atmospheric Pressure = 760 mmHg
  -Intrapulmonic pressure = 760 mmHg
  -intrapleural Pressure = 756 mmHg

Question 7

Pulmonary Ventilation: Inspiration – Active Process muscle involvement :

Answer 7

– Diaphragm flattens
– External intercostals move rib cage/sternum up and out

Question 8

Pulmonary Ventilation: Inspiration – Active Process muscle involvement does what ?

Answer 8

Expands volume of thoracic cavity and lungs
Boyle’s Gas Law: volume INCREASES, pressure DECREASES

Question 9

During Pulmonary Ventilation: Inspiration – Active Process lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure does what ?

Answer 9

Lung volume INCREASES , intrapulmonary pressure DECREASES
* Air passively rushes in due to pressure difference
* Forced breathing uses additional muscles
– Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectorals raise ribs even farther

Question 10

Pulmonary Ventilation: Expiration - Usually a passive process

Answer 10

As a passive process, inspiratory muscles relax
* Lung volume Decreases , intrapulmonary pressure Increases = Air forced out of lungs

Question 11

As an active process (forced breathing) causes what to occur with muscles ?

Answer 11

• Internal intercostals pull ribs down, assisted by latissimus dorsi & quadratus lumborum
• Abdominal muscles force diaphragm back up

Question 12

How are pulmonary volumes measured ?

Answer 12

Measured using spirometry
– Lung volumes, capacities, flow rates
* Diagnostic tool for respiratory disease

Question 13

What is pulmonary diffusion and what is its function ?

Answer 13

• Gas exchange between alveoli & capillaries
• Serves two major functions
  – Replenishes oxygen supply in blood
  – Removes carbon dioxide from blood
• Occurs at the respiratory membrane

Question 14

What is involved in Pulmonary Diffusion:
Respiratory Membrane ?

Answer 14

Also called alveolar-capillary membrane
– Alveolar wall, Capillary wall, Respective basement membranes

Question 15

Respiratory membrane is described as what ?

Answer 15

Membranous surface for gases exchange
– Large surface area: 300 million alveoli
– Very thin, Maximizes gas exchange
– Driven by pressure gradients…

Question 16

What is dalton’s law ?

Answer 16

Dalton’s law: total air P = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2
Total air pressure = Combined air pressures

Question 17

What is vital capacity ?

Answer 17

The greatest amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration.

Question 18

What is tidal volume ?

Answer 18

The amount of air entering and leaving the lungs with each normal breath.

Question 19

What is Residual volume ?

Answer 19

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.

Question 20

What is Henry’s Law ?

Answer 20

Henry’s Law: gases dissolve in liquids in
proportion to partial Pressure.

Question 21

What is partial P ?

Answer 21

Partial Pressure gradient is the most important
factor for determining gas exchange
– Partial Pressure gradient drives gas diffusion
– Without gradient, gases in equilibrium, no diffusion