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Kine 3800 > Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system consist of ?

A

Heart(pump), blood(fluid), and the vascular system(channel or tubes)

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2
Q

What creates pressure to drive blood through the vessels ?

A

The heart

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3
Q

What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system in regards to gases?

A
  • Delivers O2, nutrients
  • Removes CO2, other waste
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4
Q

What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system in regards to homeostasis and protection ?

A
  • Transports hormones, other molecules
  • Temperature balance and fluid regulation
  • Acid–base balance
  • Immune function
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5
Q

What does the right side of the heart do ?

A

pulmonary circulation
– Pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs

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6
Q

What is the path of blood from the right side of the heart starting from the S & I vena cava ?

A

From superior & inferior vena cava
 RA
 tricuspid valve
 RV
 pulmonary valve
 pulmonary arteries
 lungs

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7
Q

What does the left side of the heart do ?

A

systemic circulation
– Pumps oxygenated blood from lungs to body

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8
Q

What is the path of blood from the left side of the heart starting from the lungs ?

A

Lungs
 pulmonary veins
 LA
 mitral valve
 LV
 aortic valve
 aorta

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9
Q

What is myocardium ?

A

Cardiac muscle

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the Left Ventricle ?

A

– Must pump blood to entire body
– Thickest walls (hypertrophy)
– LV hypertrophies with exercise and with disease
– But exercise adaptations versus disease adaptations
very different

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11
Q

What is the myocardium’s blood supply ?

A
  • Right coronary artery supplies right side of heart
  • Left (main) coronary artery supplies left side of heart
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12
Q

What is Atherosclerosis ?

A

coronary artery disease

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the myocardial (cardiac muscle) cells ?

A

– Small, short, branched, one nucleus
– Continuous, involuntary rhythmic contractions
– Calcium-induced calcium release

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14
Q

Why is the hearts system called Calcium-induced calcium release ?

A

It is called this because although calcium is released initially it is not enough however it triggers ryanodine
receptors (another special Ca2+ channel) on SR to release Ca2+.

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15
Q

What are the steps to Calcium-induced calcium release ?

A
  1. AP spreads along sarcolemma down T-tubules
  2. DHP receptors (a special Ca2+ channel) in T-tubule are stimulated and open
  3. Extracellular Ca2+ to enter cell, but insufficient to cause
    contraction
  4. Instead, triggers ryanodine receptors (another special Ca2+ channel) on SR to release Ca2+
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16
Q

What type of fibers are cardiac fibers similar to ?

A

Only one fiber type (similar to type I of sk. mm.)
– High capillary density
– High number of mitochondria
– Striated

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17
Q

What are the regions called that connect cardiac muscle fibers ?

A

intercalated discs
– Desmosomes: hold cells together
– Gap junctions: rapidly conduct action potentials

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18
Q

What is the hearts unique ability to generate
its own electrical signal called ?

A

spontaneous
rhythmicity

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19
Q

Where does the heart’s electrical signal start and what is its name ?

A

Right atrium -> throughout the entire heart

Starting point : Sinoatrial node (SA node)
– Fastest intrinsic firing rate: about 100 beats/min

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20
Q

What are the names of special cardiac cells
generate and spread electrical signal ?

A

– Sinoatrial (SA) node
– Atrioventricular (AV) node
– AV bundle (bundle of His)
– Purkinje fibers

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21
Q

What does the SA node do ?

A

initiates contraction signal
– Pacemaker cells in upper posterior RA wall
– Signal spreads from SA node via RA/LA to AV node
– Stimulates RA, LA contraction

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22
Q

What does the AV node do ?

A

delays, relays signal to ventricles
– In RA wall near center of heart
– Delay allows RA, LA to contract before RV, LV
– Relays signal to AV bundle after delay

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23
Q

What does the AV bundle (bundle of His) ?

A

relays signal to RV, LV
– Travels along interventricular septum
– Divides into right and left bundle branches
– Sends signal toward apex of heart

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24
Q

What does the Purkinje fibers do ?

A

send signal into RV, LV
– Terminal branches of right and left bundle branches
– Spread throughout entire ventricle wall
– Stimulate RV, LV contraction

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25
What does parasympathetic control do to the heart ?
– Decreases force of contraction – Decreases HR below intrinsic HR * Intrinsic HR: 100 beats/min * Normal resting HR (RHR): 60 to 100 beats/min * Elite endurance athlete: 35 beats/min
26
What does sympathetic control do to the heart ?
– Increases force of contraction – Increases HR above intrinsic HR – Determines HR during physical, emotional stress – Maximum possible HR: 250 beats/min
27
What is cardiac cycle ?
All mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat
28
What does the cardiac cycle look like for systole and diastolic ?
Systole: contraction phase * Ejection of blood Diastole: relaxation phase * Chambers fill with blood * Twice as long as systole
29
What are the characteristics of Ventricular systole: 1/3 of cardiac cycle time ?
– Blood ejected – During systole, blood ejected out, but some leftover – Blood leftover in ventricle = end-systolic volume (ESV)
30
What are the characteristics of Ventricular diastole: 2/3 of cardiac cycle time ?
– Fill 70% passively, remaining 30% by atrial contraction – At end, blood in ventricle = end-diastolic volume (EDV)
31
What is stroke volume ?
volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat – EDV – ESV = SV – Ex) 100 mL – 40 mL = 60 mL
32
What is Ejection Fraction ?
% of EDV that was SV – SV / EDV = EF – 60 mL/100 mL = 0.6 = 60% * Normal for healthy, active young adult at rest – Clinical index of heart contractile function * For example, Heart Failure: ≤ 40%
33
What is cardiac output ?
Total volume of blood pumped per minute * Q= HR x SV – At rest: * HR ~70 beats/min * SV ~70 mL/beat – 70 beats/min x 70 mL/beat = 4,900 mL/min – Use L/min (4.9 L/min) * Resting cardiac output ~4.2 to 5.6 L/min – Average total blood volume: ~5 L – Therefore, total blood volume circulates once every min
34
What are Arterioles ?
control blood flow, feed capillaries
35
What are Capillaries?
site of nutrient and waste exchange
36
What are Venules ?
collect blood from capillaries
37
What is blood pressure ?
pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls
38
What is Systolic pressure (SBP) ?
– Highest pressure in artery (during systole) – Top number, ~110 to 120 mmHg
39
What is Diastolic pressure (DBP) ?
– Lowest pressure in artery (during diastole) – Bottom number, ~70 to 80 mmHg
40
What is Mean arterial pressure (MAP) ?
– Average pressure over entire cardiac cycle – MAP ≈ 2/3 DPB + 1/3 SBP – MAP = [2/3 (80)] + [1/3 (120)] = 53.3 + 40 = 93.3 mmHg
41
What is blood flow and it's formula ?
required by all tissues Blood flow = ΔPressure / Resistance
42
Pressure is .....
force that drives flow – Provided by heart contraction
43
Resistance is ......
force that opposes flow – Provided by physical properties of vessels
44
The easiest way to change blood flow is .....
to change resistance – Vasoconstriction (VC) or vasodilation (VD) – Diverts blood to regions most in need
45
Arterioles are also known as .....
resistance vessels – Control systemic R – Site of most potent VC and VD
46
Where does blood flow go ?
Blood flows to where needed most – Often, regions of increased metabolism leading to increased blood flow – Other examples: blood flow changes * after eating * in the heat
47
At rest where is cardiac output focused ? (Q= 5 L/min)
– Liver, kidneys receive 50% of Q – Skeletal muscle receives ~20% of Q
48
During heavy exercise where is cardiac output focused ?(Q = 25 L/min)
– Exercising muscles receive 80% of Q via VD – Flow to liver, kidneys decreases via VC
49
What is intrinsic control ?
ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate arterioles that serve them
50
What is it called when Arteriole walls respond to local control mechanisms ?
Intrinsic control
51
What are the 3 intrinsic control names ?
Metabolic mechanisms (VD) Endothelial mechanisms (mostly VD) Myogenic mechanisms (VC, VD)
52
What does Metabolic mechanisms (VD) intrinsic control do ?
– Strongest stimulus for release of local VD chemicals – Buildup of local metabolic by-products – Decrease in O2 – Increase in CO2, K+, H+, lactic acid
53
What does Endothelial mechanisms (mostly VD) intrinsic control do ?
– Substances secreted by vascular endothelium (arteriole inner lining) – Endothelium-mediated vasodilation
54
What does Myogenic mechanisms (VC, VD) intrinsic control do ?
– Local pressure changes can cause VC, VD – Decrease in Pressure causes VD – Increase in Pressure causes VC
55
What is Extrinsic neural control ?
redistribution of flow by the nervous system
56
How is Extrinsic Neural Control described ?
Sympathetic nervous system innervates smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles
57
What occurs during Extrinsic Neural Control ?
– Baseline sympathetic activity = vasomotor tone to maintain adequate blood supply - Increase in Sympathetic activity leads to increase VC of area (blood flow to that area decreases) – Decrease in Sympathetic activity leads to decrease VC; Passive VD (blood flow to that area increases)
58
What is the distribution of venous blood ? At rest, veins contain 2/3 blood volume
– High capacity to hold blood volume (capacitance vessels) – Elastic, balloonlike vessel walls – Much less vascular smooth muscle – Serve as blood reservoir * Venous reservoir can be liberated, sent back to heart and into arteries
59
Return of blood to the heart means......
* Problem: upright posture makes venous return to heart more difficult – Sympathetic stimulation helps – Venoconstriction, but very little smooth muscle – More help….?
60
What Mechanisms assist venous return ?
1. Muscle pump 2. One-way venous valves
61
What are the characteristics of Baroreceptors ?
* Sensitive to changes in arterial pressure * Afferent signals from baroreceptor to brain * Efferent signals from brain to heart & vessels * Adjust HR and arterial pressure back to normal
62
What are the 3 major functions of blood ?
– Transportation (O2, nutrients, waste) – Temperature regulation – Buffers acids from anaerobic metabolism pH balance
63
How does blood volume compare in men and women ?
– 5 to 6 L in men – 4 to 5 L in women
64
Plasma is .......
Plasma (55-60% of blood volume) – Can ↓ by 10% w/ dehydration in the heat – Can ↑ by 10% w/ training, heat acclimation
65
Hematocrit is ......
Hematocrit (40-45% of blood volume) – % of volume composed of formed elements – Erythrocytes (red blood cells): 99% - Leukocytes (white blood cells): <1% – Platelets: <1
66
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
* No nucleus, cannot reproduce – Replaced regularly via hematopoiesis – Life span ~4 months – Produced and destroyed at equal rates
67
Hemoglobin (Hb)
– Oxygen-transporting protein in RBC – Heme (pigment, iron, O2) + globin (protein) – ~250 million hemoglobin per RBC – 4 molecular O2 per Hb – Oxygen-carrying capacity: * 20 mL O2 / 100 mL blood
68
Blood Viscosity is ......
* Thickness of blood (due to red blood cells) * Twice as viscous as water * If hematocrit Increase, then viscosity Increase
69
What must plasma volume do as RBC increase ? Why ?
* Plasma volume must Increase as red blood cells Increase – Otherwise, blood flow is reduced and O2 transport may suffer – Not a problem unless hematocrit ≥ 60%
70
What are the normal ranges for heart rate ?
– Untrained HRrest: 60 to 80 beats/min – Trained HRrest: as low as 30 to 40 beats/min
71
What is anticipatory response ?
HR increases above RHR just before start of exercise – Vagal tone Decreases (parasympathetic withdrawal) – Catecholamine Increases (sympathetic stimulation)
72
Heart Rate during exercise is directly proportional to .....
exercise intensity
73
How do you calculate HR max ?
– Estimated HRmax = 220 – age in years
74
What is steady state HR ?
– Point of plateau – Optimal HR for meeting circulatory demands at a given submaximal intensity
75
How is VO2 affected by stroke volume ?
As Intensity Increases so does Stroke Volume. Which get VO2 40-60% max
76
Beyond the VO2 max what happens to Stroke volume ?
It plateaus
77
If stroke volume increase then cardiac output....
Increases Cardiac Output = SV * HR
78
What 3 things affects Stroke Volume ?
- Preload - Contractility - Afterload
79
What is Preload ?
Preload: End-diastolic volume (EDV) SV increases as the ventricular EDV increases.
80
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism ?
The more the ventricles are “stretched” (i.e. greater EDV), the more forceful the contraction. SV increases as the ventricular EDV increases.
81
How is Cardiac Contractility controlled ?
* Sympathetic nerve activity * Circulating catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine) * The amount of free Calcium in the cytosol
82
How is SV affected by Cardiac Contractility ?
SV increases as the cardiac contractility increases.
83
What is Afterload ?
the aortic blood pressure that the heart must overcome to eject blood. – SV decreases as the afterload increases
84
What is the effect of increased Venous return and preload ?
– Increase Stretch (i.e., Increased EDV) = Increased contraction strength – Known as the “Frank-Starling mechanism”
85
What is happening if Contractility is Increased ?
An Increase in Norepinephrine or epinephrine
86
What does it mean if Afterload is decreased ?
less aortic resistance due to a decrease in total peripheral resistance (vasodilation of vessels in exercising muscle)
87
What is the Flick equation ?
O2 consumption of a tissue depends on blood flow to the tissue and the amount of O2 extracted by that tissue
88
How is BP affected During endurance exercise ?
– Systolic BP  proportional to exercise intensity – Diastolic BP does not change or slightly  – As a result, mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases
89
Resistance exercise = periodic large increases in MAP
– Briefly reach up to 480/350 mmHg – More common when using Valsalva maneuver
90
What is the Valsalva maneuver (potentially dangerous but accompanies certain types of exercise) ?
– Close glottis (opening between the vocal cord) – Increase Intra-abdominal P (contracting diaphragm) – Increase Intrathoracic P (contracting respiratory muscles)
91
What are the systems affected by the Valsalva maneuver? What is the outcome ?
High pressures collapse great veins = Decrease in venous return = Decrease in Q (cardiac output) = Decrease in arterial blood pressure – Dizziness, disorientation, syncope
92
Increase in Cardiac Output leads to ?
Increase in Blood flow
93
Why is blood flow redistributed ?
Must redirect increase blood flow to areas with greatest metabolic need (exercising muscle)
94
What does Sympathetic vasoconstriction do ?
shunts blood away from less-active regions – Kidneys – Splanchnic circulation (liver, pancreas, GI)
95
What does Local vasodilation do ?
permits additional blood flow in exercising muscle – Local VD triggered by metabolic, endothelial products – Sympathetic vasoconstriction in muscle offset by local vasodilation: functional sympatholysis – local vasodilation > neural vasoconstriction
96
As temperature rises....
skin VD also occurs
97
Heat from deep in the body can only be released when blood moves close to the skin leads to what ?
exercise (muscles) + heat (skin) = competition for Q
98
Cardiovascular Drift is....
Associated with Increase core temperature & dehydration

Kine 3800 (4 decks)

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