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Kine 3800 > Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system consist of ?

A

Heart(pump), blood(fluid), and the vascular system(channel or tubes)

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2
Q

What creates pressure to drive blood through the vessels ?

A

The heart

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3
Q

What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system in regards to gases?

A
  • Delivers O2, nutrients
  • Removes CO2, other waste
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4
Q

What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system in regards to homeostasis and protection ?

A
  • Transports hormones, other molecules
  • Temperature balance and fluid regulation
  • Acid–base balance
  • Immune function
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5
Q

What does the right side of the heart do ?

A

pulmonary circulation
– Pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs

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6
Q

What is the path of blood from the right side of the heart starting from the S & I vena cava ?

A

From superior & inferior vena cava
 RA
 tricuspid valve
 RV
 pulmonary valve
 pulmonary arteries
 lungs

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7
Q

What does the left side of the heart do ?

A

systemic circulation
– Pumps oxygenated blood from lungs to body

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8
Q

What is the path of blood from the left side of the heart starting from the lungs ?

A

Lungs
 pulmonary veins
 LA
 mitral valve
 LV
 aortic valve
 aorta

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9
Q

What is myocardium ?

A

Cardiac muscle

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the Left Ventricle ?

A

– Must pump blood to entire body
– Thickest walls (hypertrophy)
– LV hypertrophies with exercise and with disease
– But exercise adaptations versus disease adaptations
very different

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11
Q

What is the myocardium’s blood supply ?

A
  • Right coronary artery supplies right side of heart
  • Left (main) coronary artery supplies left side of heart
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12
Q

What is Atherosclerosis ?

A

coronary artery disease

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the myocardial (cardiac muscle) cells ?

A

– Small, short, branched, one nucleus
– Continuous, involuntary rhythmic contractions
– Calcium-induced calcium release

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14
Q

Why is the hearts system called Calcium-induced calcium release ?

A

It is called this because although calcium is released initially it is not enough however it triggers ryanodine
receptors (another special Ca2+ channel) on SR to release Ca2+.

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15
Q

What are the steps to Calcium-induced calcium release ?

A
  1. AP spreads along sarcolemma down T-tubules
  2. DHP receptors (a special Ca2+ channel) in T-tubule are stimulated and open
  3. Extracellular Ca2+ to enter cell, but insufficient to cause
    contraction
  4. Instead, triggers ryanodine receptors (another special Ca2+ channel) on SR to release Ca2+
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16
Q

What type of fibers are cardiac fibers similar to ?

A

Only one fiber type (similar to type I of sk. mm.)
– High capillary density
– High number of mitochondria
– Striated

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17
Q

What are the regions called that connect cardiac muscle fibers ?

A

intercalated discs
– Desmosomes: hold cells together
– Gap junctions: rapidly conduct action potentials

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18
Q

What is the hearts unique ability to generate
its own electrical signal called ?

A

spontaneous
rhythmicity

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19
Q

Where does the heart’s electrical signal start and what is its name ?

A

Right atrium -> throughout the entire heart

Starting point : Sinoatrial node (SA node)
– Fastest intrinsic firing rate: about 100 beats/min

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20
Q

What are the names of special cardiac cells
generate and spread electrical signal ?

A

– Sinoatrial (SA) node
– Atrioventricular (AV) node
– AV bundle (bundle of His)
– Purkinje fibers

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21
Q

What does the SA node do ?

A

initiates contraction signal
– Pacemaker cells in upper posterior RA wall
– Signal spreads from SA node via RA/LA to AV node
– Stimulates RA, LA contraction

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22
Q

What does the AV node do ?

A

delays, relays signal to ventricles
– In RA wall near center of heart
– Delay allows RA, LA to contract before RV, LV
– Relays signal to AV bundle after delay

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23
Q

What does the AV bundle (bundle of His) ?

A

relays signal to RV, LV
– Travels along interventricular septum
– Divides into right and left bundle branches
– Sends signal toward apex of heart

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24
Q

What does the Purkinje fibers do ?

A

send signal into RV, LV
– Terminal branches of right and left bundle branches
– Spread throughout entire ventricle wall
– Stimulate RV, LV contraction

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25
Q

What does parasympathetic control do to the heart ?

A

– Decreases force of contraction
– Decreases HR below intrinsic HR
* Intrinsic HR: 100 beats/min
* Normal resting HR (RHR): 60 to 100 beats/min
* Elite endurance athlete: 35 beats/min

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26
Q

What does sympathetic control do to the heart ?

A

– Increases force of contraction
– Increases HR above intrinsic HR
– Determines HR during physical, emotional stress
– Maximum possible HR: 250 beats/min

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27
Q

What is cardiac cycle ?

A

All mechanical and electrical events that occur
during one heartbeat

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28
Q

What does the cardiac cycle look like for systole and diastolic ?

A

Systole: contraction phase
* Ejection of blood

Diastole: relaxation phase
* Chambers fill with blood
* Twice as long as systole

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of Ventricular systole: 1/3 of cardiac cycle time ?

A

– Blood ejected
– During systole, blood ejected out, but some leftover
– Blood leftover in ventricle = end-systolic volume (ESV)

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of Ventricular diastole: 2/3 of cardiac cycle time ?

A

– Fill 70% passively, remaining 30% by atrial contraction
– At end, blood in ventricle = end-diastolic volume (EDV)

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31
Q

What is stroke volume ?

A

volume of blood
pumped in one heartbeat
– EDV – ESV = SV
– Ex) 100 mL – 40 mL = 60 mL

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32
Q

What is Ejection Fraction ?

A

% of EDV that was SV
– SV / EDV = EF
– 60 mL/100 mL = 0.6 = 60%
* Normal for healthy, active young adult at rest
– Clinical index of heart contractile function
* For example, Heart Failure: ≤ 40%

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33
Q

What is cardiac output ?

A

Total volume of blood pumped per minute
* Q= HR x SV
– At rest:
* HR ~70 beats/min
* SV ~70 mL/beat
– 70 beats/min x 70 mL/beat = 4,900 mL/min
– Use L/min (4.9 L/min)
* Resting cardiac output ~4.2 to 5.6 L/min
– Average total blood volume: ~5 L
– Therefore, total blood volume circulates once every min

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34
Q

What are Arterioles ?

A

control blood flow,
feed capillaries

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35
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

site of nutrient and waste exchange

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36
Q

What are Venules ?

A

collect blood from capillaries

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37
Q

What is blood pressure ?

A

pressure exerted by blood on
arterial walls

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38
Q

What is Systolic pressure (SBP) ?

A

– Highest pressure in artery (during systole)
– Top number, ~110 to 120 mmHg

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39
Q

What is Diastolic pressure (DBP) ?

A

– Lowest pressure in artery (during diastole)
– Bottom number, ~70 to 80 mmHg

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40
Q

What is Mean arterial pressure (MAP) ?

A

– Average pressure over entire cardiac cycle
– MAP ≈ 2/3 DPB + 1/3 SBP
– MAP = [2/3 (80)] + [1/3 (120)] = 53.3 + 40 = 93.3 mmHg

41
Q

What is blood flow and it’s formula ?

A

required by all tissues
Blood flow = ΔPressure / Resistance

42
Q

Pressure is …..

A

force that drives flow
– Provided by heart contraction

43
Q

Resistance is ……

A

force that opposes flow
– Provided by physical properties of vessels

44
Q

The easiest way to change blood flow is …..

A

to change resistance
– Vasoconstriction (VC) or vasodilation (VD)
– Diverts blood to regions most in need

45
Q

Arterioles are also known as …..

A

resistance vessels
– Control systemic R
– Site of most potent VC and VD

46
Q

Where does blood flow go ?

A

Blood flows to where needed most
– Often, regions of increased metabolism leading to increased blood flow
– Other examples: blood flow changes
* after eating
* in the heat

47
Q

At rest where is cardiac output focused ? (Q= 5 L/min)

A

– Liver, kidneys receive 50% of Q
– Skeletal muscle receives ~20% of Q

48
Q

During heavy exercise where is cardiac output focused ?(Q = 25 L/min)

A

– Exercising muscles receive 80% of Q via VD
– Flow to liver, kidneys decreases via VC

49
Q

What is intrinsic control ?

A

ability of local tissues to
constrict or dilate arterioles that serve them

50
Q

What is it called when Arteriole walls respond to local control mechanisms ?

A

Intrinsic control

51
Q

What are the 3 intrinsic control names ?

A

Metabolic mechanisms (VD)
Endothelial mechanisms (mostly VD)
Myogenic mechanisms (VC, VD)

52
Q

What does Metabolic mechanisms (VD) intrinsic control do ?

A

– Strongest stimulus for release of local VD chemicals
– Buildup of local metabolic by-products
– Decrease in O2
– Increase in CO2, K+, H+, lactic acid

53
Q

What does Endothelial mechanisms (mostly VD) intrinsic control do ?

A

– Substances secreted by vascular endothelium (arteriole inner lining)
– Endothelium-mediated vasodilation

54
Q

What does Myogenic mechanisms (VC, VD) intrinsic control do ?

A

– Local pressure changes can cause VC, VD
– Decrease in Pressure causes VD
– Increase in Pressure causes VC

55
Q

What is Extrinsic neural control ?

A

redistribution of flow
by the nervous system

56
Q

How is Extrinsic Neural Control described ?

A

Sympathetic nervous system innervates
smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles

57
Q

What occurs during Extrinsic Neural Control ?

A

– Baseline sympathetic activity = vasomotor tone to
maintain adequate blood supply
- Increase in Sympathetic activity leads to increase VC of area (blood flow to that area decreases)
– Decrease in Sympathetic activity leads to decrease VC; Passive VD (blood flow to that area increases)

58
Q

What is the distribution of venous blood ? At rest, veins contain 2/3 blood volume

A

– High capacity to hold blood volume
(capacitance vessels)
– Elastic, balloonlike vessel walls
– Much less vascular smooth muscle
– Serve as blood reservoir

  • Venous reservoir can be
    liberated, sent back to heart
    and into arteries
59
Q

Return of blood to the heart means……

A
  • Problem: upright posture makes
    venous return to heart more difficult
    – Sympathetic stimulation helps
    – Venoconstriction, but very little smooth
    muscle
    – More help….?
60
Q

What Mechanisms assist venous return ?

A
  1. Muscle pump
  2. One-way venous valves
61
Q

What are the characteristics of Baroreceptors ?

A
  • Sensitive to changes in arterial pressure
  • Afferent signals from baroreceptor to brain
  • Efferent signals from brain to heart & vessels
  • Adjust HR and arterial pressure back to normal
62
Q

What are the 3 major functions of blood ?

A

– Transportation (O2, nutrients, waste)
– Temperature regulation
– Buffers acids from anaerobic metabolism pH balance

63
Q

How does blood volume compare in men and women ?

A

– 5 to 6 L in men
– 4 to 5 L in women

64
Q

Plasma is …….

A

Plasma (55-60% of blood volume)
– Can ↓ by 10% w/ dehydration in the heat
– Can ↑ by 10% w/ training, heat acclimation

65
Q

Hematocrit is ……

A

Hematocrit (40-45% of blood volume)
– % of volume composed of formed elements
– Erythrocytes (red blood cells): 99%
- Leukocytes (white blood cells): <1%
– Platelets: <1

66
Q

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

A
  • No nucleus, cannot reproduce
    – Replaced regularly via
    hematopoiesis
    – Life span ~4 months
    – Produced and destroyed at equal
    rates
67
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

– Oxygen-transporting protein in RBC
– Heme (pigment, iron, O2) + globin
(protein)
– ~250 million hemoglobin per RBC
– 4 molecular O2 per Hb
– Oxygen-carrying capacity:
* 20 mL O2 / 100 mL blood

68
Q

Blood Viscosity is ……

A
  • Thickness of blood (due to
    red blood cells)
  • Twice as viscous as water
  • If hematocrit Increase, then viscosity Increase
69
Q

What must plasma volume do as RBC increase ? Why ?

A
  • Plasma volume must Increase as red blood cells Increase
    – Otherwise, blood flow is reduced and O2 transport
    may suffer
    – Not a problem unless hematocrit ≥ 60%
70
Q

What are the normal ranges for heart rate ?

A

– Untrained HRrest: 60 to 80 beats/min
– Trained HRrest: as low as 30 to 40 beats/min

71
Q

What is anticipatory response ?

A

HR increases above RHR just before start of exercise
– Vagal tone Decreases (parasympathetic withdrawal)
– Catecholamine Increases (sympathetic stimulation)

72
Q

Heart Rate during exercise is directly proportional to …..

A

exercise intensity

73
Q

How do you calculate HR max ?

A

– Estimated HRmax = 220 – age in years

74
Q

What is steady state HR ?

A

– Point of plateau
– Optimal HR for meeting circulatory demands at a
given submaximal intensity

75
Q

How is VO2 affected by stroke volume ?

A

As Intensity Increases so does Stroke Volume. Which get VO2 40-60% max

76
Q

Beyond the VO2 max what happens to Stroke volume ?

A

It plateaus

77
Q

If stroke volume increase then cardiac output….

A

Increases
Cardiac Output = SV * HR

78
Q

What 3 things affects Stroke Volume ?

A
  • Preload
  • Contractility
  • Afterload
79
Q

What is Preload ?

A

Preload: End-diastolic volume (EDV)
SV increases as the ventricular EDV increases.

80
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism ?

A

The more the ventricles are “stretched” (i.e. greater EDV),
the more forceful the contraction.
SV increases as the ventricular EDV increases.

81
Q

How is Cardiac Contractility controlled ?

A
  • Sympathetic nerve activity
  • Circulating catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine)
  • The amount of free Calcium in the cytosol
82
Q

How is SV affected by Cardiac Contractility ?

A

SV increases as the cardiac contractility increases.

83
Q

What is Afterload ?

A

the aortic blood pressure that the heart must overcome to eject blood.
– SV decreases as the afterload increases

84
Q

What is the effect of increased Venous return and preload ?

A

– Increase Stretch (i.e., Increased EDV) = Increased contraction strength
– Known as the “Frank-Starling mechanism”

85
Q

What is happening if Contractility is Increased ?

A

An Increase in Norepinephrine or epinephrine

86
Q

What does it mean if Afterload is decreased ?

A

less aortic resistance due to a decrease in total
peripheral resistance (vasodilation of vessels in
exercising muscle)

87
Q

What is the Flick equation ?

A

O2 consumption of a tissue depends on blood flow
to the tissue and the amount of O2 extracted by
that tissue

88
Q

How is BP affected During endurance exercise ?

A

– Systolic BP  proportional to exercise intensity
– Diastolic BP does not change or slightly 
– As a result, mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases

89
Q

Resistance exercise = periodic large
increases in MAP

A

– Briefly reach up to 480/350 mmHg
– More common when using Valsalva maneuver

90
Q

What is the Valsalva maneuver (potentially
dangerous but accompanies certain
types of exercise) ?

A

– Close glottis (opening between the vocal cord)
– Increase Intra-abdominal P (contracting diaphragm)
– Increase Intrathoracic P (contracting respiratory
muscles)

91
Q

What are the systems affected by the Valsalva maneuver? What is the outcome ?

A

High pressures collapse great veins = Decrease in venous return = Decrease in Q (cardiac output) = Decrease in arterial blood pressure

– Dizziness, disorientation, syncope

92
Q

Increase in Cardiac Output leads to ?

A

Increase in Blood flow

93
Q

Why is blood flow redistributed ?

A

Must redirect increase blood flow to areas with
greatest metabolic need (exercising muscle)

94
Q

What does Sympathetic vasoconstriction do ?

A

shunts blood away from less-active regions
– Kidneys
– Splanchnic circulation (liver, pancreas, GI)

95
Q

What does Local vasodilation do ?

A

permits additional blood flow in exercising muscle
– Local VD triggered by metabolic, endothelial products
– Sympathetic vasoconstriction in muscle offset by local
vasodilation: functional sympatholysis
– local vasodilation > neural vasoconstriction

96
Q

As temperature rises….

A

skin VD also occurs

97
Q

Heat from deep in the body can only be released when blood moves close to the skin leads to what ?

A

exercise (muscles) + heat (skin) = competition for Q

98
Q

Cardiovascular Drift is….

A

Associated with Increase core temperature & dehydration

Kine 3800 (4 decks)

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