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Kine 3800 > Chapter 4 Hormonal Control > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Hormonal Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are androgens ?

A

-Testosterone and its derivatives
-most common ergogenic aid used by female athletes

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2
Q

What are ergogenic effects ? (associated with steroid use)

A

Enhanced physical performance,stamina and recovery

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system refer to ?

A

Endocrine glands and their hormones

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4
Q

What do hormones regulate ?

A
  • Metabolism, fluid / electrolytes, and calorie intake
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5
Q

What is the communication system of endocrine system ?

A

Endocrine system = Chemical communication

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6
Q

How does endocrine communication differ from nervous system ?

A

Slower responding and longer lasting

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7
Q

How does endocrine maintain homeostasis ?

A

-Through hormones
-Chemicals that control and regulate cell/organ activity
-Secreted in blood
-Act on target cells (has specific hormone receptors)

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8
Q

Is the endocrine system anatomically connected ?

A

No it is not.

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9
Q

An endocrine gland can only secrete one hormone.

A

False

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10
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system (expanded) ?

A

-Constantly monitors internal environment
-Coordinates integration of physiological systems during rest and exercise
-Maintains homeostasis during exercise
(controls substrate metabolism, regulates fluid/electrolyte balance)

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11
Q

How are hormones categorized as ?

A

Steroid and nonsteroid

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12
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

What does lipid soluble mean ?

A

Diffuses through membranes

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14
Q

What are the major glands and the steroid they secrete ?

A

– Testes (testosterone)
– Ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
– Adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone)
– Placenta (estrogen, progesterone)

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15
Q

What are nonsteroid hormones made out of ?

A

-Protein/peptide hormones (most nonsteroid)
-Amino acid derived hormones

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16
Q

What are the important non steroids and their glands ?

A

Protein/Peptide
-From pancreas, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
(Insulin, glucagon, GHRH, GH, etc.)
*Most non steroid hormones

Amino Acid derived hormones
-Thyroid (T3, T4)
- Adrenal medulla
(epinephrine + norepinephrine = Catecholamine)

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17
Q

Can nonsteroid hormones cross membranes like steroid hormones ?

A

No they are not lipid soluble

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18
Q

How does it limit effects to specific targets?

A

By using hormone-specific receptors

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19
Q

What happens if you do not have the receptor?

A

No receptor = no hormone effect

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20
Q

What is Hormone bound to receptor called ?

A

hormone–
receptor complex

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21
Q

Where are receptor locations of steroids (lipid soluble) ?

A

receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell
(intracellular receptor)

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22
Q

Where are receptor locations of nonsteroids (nonlipid soluble) ?

A

receptors on membrane of target cell (cell membrane
receptor)

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23
Q

What happens when hormone receptor complex enters nucleus ?

A

– Binds to DNA and activates certain genes
– In response, mRNA synthesized within nucleus
– mRNA enters cytoplasm, promotes protein synthesis

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24
Q

What may the proteins be that the hormone receptor complex synthesizes ?

A

– enzymes
– structural proteins
– Regulatory protein that alters enzyme function

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25
Q

What happens when nonsteroid receptors land on cell membrane?

A

trigger release
of intracellular second messengers

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26
Q

What do the second messengers do ?

A

– Carry out hormone effects
– Intensify strength of hormone signal

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27
Q

What could the instensifying strength of hormones signals do ?

A
  • Activation of cellular enzymes
  • Change in membrane permeability
  • Promotion of protein synthesis
  • Change in cellular metabolism
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28
Q

What are common secondary messengers ?

A

– Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
– Cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP)

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29
Q

What does hypothalamus do in regard to the endocrine system ?

A

Stimulates release of hormones from
anterior pituitary gland

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30
Q

How does the hypothalamus stimulate release of hormones ?

A

By molecules known as releasing hormones or factors

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31
Q

How does the hypothalamus encourage release from posterior pituitary gland ?

A

Provided ADH
– Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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32
Q

What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do ?

A

Stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands

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33
Q

What does Luteinizing hormone (LH) do ?

A

Stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen

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34
Q

What does Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do ?

A

Controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland

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35
Q

What Major endocrine glands are responsible for
metabolic regulation ?

A

– Anterior pituitary gland
– Thyroid gland
– Adrenal gland
– Pancreas

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36
Q

What do the Major endocrine glands are responsible for
metabolic regulation do ?

A

Hormones released by these
glands affect metabolism of carbohydrate and fat
during exercise

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37
Q

What does the Anterior Pituitary Gland do ?

A

It secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic
hormone factors

38
Q

What hormones does the Anterior Pituitary Gland do ?

A

– Includes both releasing factors and inhibiting factors.
– Exercise increases secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones.

39
Q

What is one of the most important hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland ?

A

Growth Hormone

40
Q

What are the effects of Growth Hormone ?

A

– Potent anabolic hormone
– Builds tissues, organs (Amino acid uptake and
protein synthesis)
– Long bone growth
– Promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy)
– Stimulates fat metabolism (spares plasma glucose)

41
Q

What does GH released during aerobic and resistance
exercise result in ?

A

– proportional to exercise intensity
– remain elevated after exercise

42
Q

What does the thyroid secrete ?

A

Secretes triiodothyronine (T3)
and thyroxine (T4)

43
Q

What happens when T3 and T4 increases ?

A

– metabolic rate of all tissues (influences RMR-resting metabolic rate)
– protein synthesis
– number and size of mitochondria - increase aerobic metabolism = Increase ATP
– glucose uptake by cells
– rate of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
– FFA mobilization

44
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

Above each kidney

45
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands ?

A

The adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

46
Q

When stimulated by sympathetic nervous system what does the adrenal medulla release ?

A

catecholamines

47
Q

What do catecholamines do ?

A

– Causes “fight-or-flight” response
– Epinephrine 80%, norepinephrine 20% - increase Exercise = increase sympathetic nervous system= increase
epinephrine and norepinephrine

48
Q

What does catecholamines release increase in body functions ?

A

– Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
– Glycogenolysis
– Lipolysis
– Blood flow to skeletal muscle

49
Q

What is the important hormone of adrenal cortex ?

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

50
Q

What does cortisol (hydrocortisone) do on release ?

A

– increase gluconeogenesis for fuel
– increase FFA mobilization
– protein catabolism for repair, enzyme production, gluconeogenesis
– Acts as an anti-inflammatory, depresses anti-immune reactions.

51
Q

What are the 2 major hormones of pancreas ?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

52
Q

What does the pancreas do during hyperglycemia (e.g., after a meal) ?

A

the pancreas releases insulin

53
Q

What is the main function of insulin ?

A

lowers [blood glucose]
– counters hyperglycemia
– increases glucose transport into cells (especially muscle)
– increases glycogenesis (making glycogen)
– inhibits gluconeogenesis (stops making glucose)

54
Q

What does the pancreas do during hypoglycemia ?

A

the pancreas releases glucagon

55
Q

What is the main function of glucagon ?

A

increase [blood glucose]
– counters hypoglycemia
– increases glycogenolysis (liver glycogen to glucose)
– gluconeogenesis

56
Q

What happens to carbohydrate metabolism regulation during exercise ?

A

During exercise…
* ↑Glycogenolysis (glycogen=glucose)
* ↑Gluconeogenesis (FFA, protein=glucose)

57
Q

What hormones regulate metabolism ?

A

-Growth hormone (anterior pituitary)
-T3/T4 (Thyroid)
-catecholamines (adrenal medulla)
-Cortisol (Adrenal cortex)
-Insulin (Pancreas)
-Glucagon (Pancreas)

58
Q

What do the hormones that regulate metabolism specifically do

A

-GH = Stimulates fat metabolism (spares plasma glucose)

59
Q

What does adequate plasma glucose require a balance of during exercise?

A

– Glucose release by liver
– Glucose uptake by muscles

60
Q

What hormones help circulate glucose during exercise ?

A

– Glucagon
– Epinephrine }INCREASE glycogenolysis
– Norepinephrine

– Glucagon/Cortisol=protein catabolism=
INCREASE in gluconeogenesis

61
Q

What happens to regulation of carbohydrate metabolism as exercise intensity increases ?

A

– catecholamine release INCREASES
– glycogenolysis rate INCREASES (liver, muscles)
– muscle glycogen is used before liver glycogen

62
Q

What happens to regulation of carbohydrate metabolism as exercise duration increases ?

A

– more liver glycogen is used;
– INCREASE in muscle glucose uptake= INCREASE in liver glucose release
– as glycogen stores DECREASE glucagon levels INCREASE

63
Q

Insulin: enables glucose uptake in muscle

A

True

64
Q

What happens during exercise when insulin concentrations DECREASE ?

A

Due to INCREASE in insulin sensitivity during exercise more glucose uptake into cells with less insulin.

65
Q

During endurance exercise how is fat metabolism regulated ?

A
  • FFA mobilization and fat metabolism: critical to endurance exercise
    – Glycogen depleted, fat energy substrates needed
    – In response, fat breakdown (lipolysis) accelerated
66
Q

What do Triglycerides equal ?

A

FFA and glycerol
– Fat stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue
– Broken down into FFAs, transported to muscle
– Rate of triglyceride breakdown into FFAs: possible determinant of rate of cellular fat metabolism

67
Q

How is lipolysis stimulated ?

A

– (decreased) insulin,
– epinephrine,
– norepinephrine,
– cortisol
– GH
*They stimulate lipolysis via lipase.

68
Q

GH:____ FFA Mobilization & ____ Cellular Glucose uptake.

A

Increases, Decreases

69
Q

T3,T4:____ glucose catabolism and fat metabolism

A

Increases

70
Q

What are the effects Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes during exercise ?

A

– Water shifts from plasma volume to
interstitial and intracellular spaces
– Sweating increases during exercise

71
Q

What happens to plasma volume during exercise ?

A
  • DECREASE of plasma volume during exercise
    – Prolonged running can decrease PV
    by 5 – 10%
72
Q

What are the effects of plasma volume decreasing during exercise ?

A
  • Blood pressure DECREASES
    -Heart Strain INCREASES
    *This impedes exercise performance
73
Q

What glands are involved in monitoring fluid levels and electrolyte balance ?

A

– Posterior pituitary gland (ADH)
– Adrenal cortex (Aldosterone)
– Kidneys (not only a target organ; also a gland) (EPO)

74
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete ?

A

antidiuretic hormone
(also called ADH or vasopressin), oxytocin
*Produced in hypothalamus ut stored there

75
Q

Where does the ADH increase water reabsorption ?

A

Kidneys

76
Q

What is the point of the ADH?

A

Minimizes water loss and severe dehydration

77
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete besides cortisol ?

A

Aldosterone

78
Q

How does Aldosterone contribute to Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and
Electrolytes ?

A

Increases sodium (Na+) retention by kidneys which leads to water retention via osmosis

79
Q

What does EPO (erythropoietin) do ?

A

– Released in response to low blood O2 in kidneys.
– Stimulates red blood cell production.
– Is critical for adapting to training, altitude.

80
Q

How are the kidneys involved in Hormonal Regulation of Fluid
and Electrolytes ?

A

– release erythropoietin (EPO) that targets bone
marrow to stimulate red blood cell (RBC) production
– are target tissue for ADH & aldosterone
– Can stimulate: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

81
Q

What is the goal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism ?

A

To release aldosterone which: increases Na+ retention by kidneys which increases water retention via osmosis

82
Q

What triggers the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism ?

A
  • Kidneys sense decrease in blood volume and decrease in BP

*It then releases enzyme called renin into circulation

83
Q

What happens in the RAA mechanism after renin is releases into circulation ?

A
  • In circulation renin converts angiotensinogen molecule into angiotensin I
  • In the lungs, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE): converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
  • Angiotensin II reaches adrenal cortex and stimulates aldosterone
84
Q

How is the GI tract involved in Hormonal Regulation of Calorie Intake?

A

releases hormones that affect
hunger signals

85
Q

What hormones regulators are released in GI tract for calorie intake ?

A

– Cholecystokinin (CCK)
– Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
– Peptide YY (PYY)
– Ghrelin

86
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Is stimulated when stomach
is full; decreases appetite.

87
Q

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) & Peptide YY (PYY)

A

Is released in
small intestine; decreases appetite

88
Q

Ghrelin

A

Increases appetite

89
Q

Adipose is an endocrine organ what does it release ?

A

Leptin is released from adipose stores and reduces hunger

90
Q

If obese people have higher leptin why do they not have decreased hunger ?

A

They are resistant

91
Q

What happens to Hormonal Regulation
of Calorie Intake during acute exercise ?

A

Moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise leads to DECREASE in ghrelin temporarily reduces hunger

92
Q

What happens to Hormonal Regulation
of Calorie Intake during chronic exercise ?

A
  • Does not change ghrelin response in people who do not lose weight during exercise training
  • Ghrelin increases in those who do lose weight

Kine 3800 (4 decks)

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