Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Med Finals - Medicine > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Define pneumonia

A

Infection of the lung tissue, causes inflammation of the lung and sputum filling airways and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Common types of pneumonia

A

Hospital acquired
Community acquired
Aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

History of pneumonia

A

Shortness of breath
Cough productive of sputum
Fever
Haemoptysis
Pleuritic chest pain
Delirium
Sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinical signs of pneumonia

A

Tachypnoea
Tachycardia
Hypoxia
Hypotension
Fever
Confusion
Bronchial breath sounds - harsh sounds
Focal coarse crackles
Dullness to percussion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Severity assessment in pneumonia

A

CURB65
Confusion
Urea > 7
Resp rate >30
Blood pressure <90 systolic
Age >65
0/1 - treat at home
>2 admit
>3 intensive care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Common causative organisms

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define atypical pneumonia

A

Pneumonia caused by an organism that cannot be culture in the normal way or detected using gram stain - legionella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are you likely to get legionella pneumophila from

A

Infected water or air conditioning units - can cause SIADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signs of mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

Erythema multiforme - target lesions
May also see neurological signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Investigations in pneumonia

A

CXR
FBC
UE
CRP
Sputum
Blood cultures - atypical screening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define FEV1

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second - amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled in 1 second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define FVC

A

Forced vital capacity - the total amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

FEV1 and FVC in obstructive disease

A

FEV1 is less than 75% of FVC - ratio <75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

FEV1 and FVC in restrictive disease

A

FEV1 and FVC both reduced - ratio >75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of obstructive disease

A

Asthma - reversible
COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of restrictive disease

A

Interstitial lung disease
Neurological - MND
Scoliosis or chest deformity
Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define peak flow rate

A

The fasted expiratory flow of air possible - useful measure of control in obstructive lung disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define asthma

A

Chronic inflammatory condition of the airways that causes episodic exacerbations of bronchoconstriction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

History of asthma

A

Episodic symptoms
Diurnal variability - worse at night
Dry cough
Wheeze
Shortness of breath
Atopic conditions
FH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Clinical signs of asthma

A

Bilateral widespread polyphonic wheeze
Reversibility with brochodilators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Investigations of asthma

A

Spirometry with reversibility testing
Peak flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Management of asthma

A

SABA - salbutamol
ICS -
LABA - salmeterol
LAMA - tiotropium
Leukotriene receptor antagonists - montelukast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define acute asthma exacerbation

A

Characterised by rapid deterioration in symptoms trigged by any of the typical triggers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Grading of asthma severity as moderate

A

PEFR - 50-75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Grading of asthma severity as severe
PEFR - 33 - 50% RR > 25 HR >110 Unable to complete sentences
26
Grading of acute asthma as life-threatening
PEFR <33 O2 <92 Becoming tired No wheeze - silent chest, so tight no air entry Hamodynamic instability
27
Management of moderate acute asthma exacerbation
Nebulised salbutamol Nebulised ipratropium Steroids - oral pred continued for 5 days Abx if infection
28
Management of severe acute asthma exacerbation
Moderate management + Oxygen Aminophylline infusion Consider IV salbutamol
29
Management of life threatening acute asthma exacerbation
Severe management + IV magnesium sulphate ICU admission Intubation
30
Typical ABG in asthma
Respiratory alkalosis - tachypnoea drops CO2 Normal CO2 or hypoxia is concerning 0 indicates tiring High CO2 is very bad - not breathing at all
31
Define COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a non-reversible long term deterioration in air flow through the lungs caused by damage to the lung tissues - often by smoking - resulting in obstructive respiratory disease
32
History of COPD
Long term smoker Chronic shortness of breath Cough Sputum production Wheeze Recurrent respiratory infections Wheeze Haemoptysis and chest pain also possible.
33
Investigations of COPD
Spirometry - obstructive with no reversibility CXR FBC BMI Sputum culture ECG and echo - heart failure CT thoraz Alpha 1 antitrypsin Transfer factor for carbon monoxide
34
Management of COPD
Smoking cessation SABA LABA LAMA ICS LTOT
35
Define type 1 respiratory failure
Low O2 with normal CO2
36
Define type 1 respiratory failure
Low O2 with normal CO2 (only one is effected)
37
Define type 2 respiratory failure
Low O2 with raised CO2
38
Management of COPD exacerbation
Home - pred, inhalers and abx Hospital - Nebs, steroids, abx, physio Severe - consider IVs
39
Define interstitial lung disease
An umbrella term used to describe conditions that affect the lung parenchyma causing inflammation and fibrosis.
40
Define idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Progressive pulmonary fibrosis with no clear causes
41
Clinical signs of pulmonary fibrosis
Bibasal fine inspiratory crackles Clubbing
42
Drugs that can cause pulmonary fibrosis
Amiodarone Cyclophosphamide Methotrexate Nitrofurantoin
43
Conditions that can cause pulmonary fibrosis
Alpha 1 antitrisin Rheumatoid SLE Systemic sclerosis
44
Define hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Type III hypersensitivity reaction to an environmental allergen that causes parenchymal inflammation and destruction
45
Examples of hypersensitivity pneumonitits
Bird fanciers lung Farmers lung Mushroom workers lung Malt workers lung
46
Define asbestosis
Lung fibrosis related to the inhalation of asbestos
47
Define pleural effusion
Collection of fluid within the pleural cavity
48
Types of pleural effusion
Exudative - protein >3g/dL Transudative - protein <3
49
Examples of exudative effusion
Related to inflammation - causes protein to leak Lung cancer Pneumonia Rheumatoid TB
50
Examples of transudative effusions
Relate to fluid moving across membrane Congestive heart failure Hypoalbuminaemia Hypothyroidism Meig's syndrome - right sided effusion with ovarian malignancy
51
History of pleural effusion
Shortness of breath Dullness to percussion over effusion Reduced breath sounds Tracheal deviation - sever effusion
52
Signs of effusion on CXR
Blunting of costophrenic angles Fluid in fissures Large effusiongs will have meniscus Trachael deviation
53
Management of pleural effusion
Treat cause Aspirate and drain
54
Define empyema
Infected pleural effusion - pus and acidic aspiration low glucose
55
Define pneumothorax
Air within the pleural space seperating the lung from the chest wall.
56
Common causes of pneumothorax
Spontaneous - tall sports people Trauma Iatrogenic Pathology - Infection, asthma, COPD
57
Management of pneumothorax
<2 cm - conservative and follow up >2 cm - aspiration/chest drain
58
Define tension pneumothorax
Pneumothorax at high pressure such that the mediastinum is pushed across the thorax. Normally caused by trauma creating a one-way valve.
59
Clinical signs of a tension pneumothorax
Tracheal deviation Reduced air entry Increased resonance to percussion Tachycardia Hypotension Unequal chest expansion
60
Management of tension pneumothorax
Insertion of large bore cannula into the second intercostal space in the midclavicular line of the affected side
61
Define pulmonary embolism
Condition where a blood clot forms - usually a DVT in the legs - travels throught the venous system, right side of the heart and then the lungs where it occludes an artery.
62
Risk factors for PE
Immobility Recent surgery Long haul flight Pregnancy HRT Malignancy Polycythaemia SLE Thrombophilia
63
History of PE
Shortness of breath Cough - may be haemoptysis Pleuritic chest pain Hypoxia Tachycardia Raised RR Low grade fever Haemodynamic instability - hypotension Signs of DVT
64
Investigations of PE
CT pulmonary angiogram ABG - alkalosis, blowing off co2
65
Management of PE
O2 Analgesia LMWH - DOAC Thrombolysis?
66
Duration of anticoagulation following PE
Obvious reversible cause, provoked - 3 months Not provoked - 6 months
67
Clinical signs of pulmonary hypertension
ECG - ventricular hypertrophy, right axis deviation, RBBB CXR - dilated pulmonary vessels, right ventricular hypertrophy Raised proBNP Echo
68
Define sarcoidosis
A granulomatous inflammatory condition. Granulomas are nodule of inflammation full of macrophages -
69
Common organs affected in sarcoidosis
Lungs - 90% Liver - 20% Eyes - 20% Skin - 15% Heart - 5% Kidneys - 5% CNS - 5% PNS - 5% Bones - 2%
70
Investigations in sarcoidosis
Gold standard diagnostic - Histology CXR - hilar lymphadenopathy
71
Management of sarcoidosis
Conservative Steroids Methotrexate Transplant

Med Finals - Medicine (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions