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Veterinary Pathology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial cell types in respiratory tract

A
  • Stratified squamous
  • Transitional
  • Ciliated respiratory
  • Olfactory
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2
Q

True/False

Normal fetal lungs should be dark red-purple, rubbery, & sink when submerged in water or formalin

A

True

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3
Q

Incomplete expansion / collapse of alveoli

Congenital or Acquired (obstruction or compression)

A

Atelectasis

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4
Q

True/False

Normal postnatal lungs are pink, spongy, & sink when submerged in water or formalin

A

False

Postnatal lungs should FLOAT

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5
Q

Inner pulmonary pleura in contact with lung parenchyma

A

Visceral Pleura

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6
Q

Outer costal, mediastinal, & diaphragmatic pleura

A

Parietal Pleura

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7
Q

Features of conducting airways

A

Trachea & Bronchi
* Cartilage
* Smooth muscle
* Bronchial glands
* Ciliated respiratory epithelium

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8
Q

Features of transitional airways

A

Bronchioles
* No cartilage or glands
* Smooth muscle
* Club cells (cytokines, antibacterial, surfactant)

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9
Q

Features of exchange system

A

Alveoli
* Capillaries
* Type 1 pneumocytes (flat, gas exchange)
* Type 2 pneumocytes (cuboidal, stem cell)

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10
Q

True/False

The respiratory system is not particularly vulnerable to injurious agents due to few routes of exposure

A

False

VULNERABLE b/c dual exposure routes
(AEROGENOUS, HEMATOGENOUS)

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11
Q

3 respiratory defenses

A
  1. Mucus
  2. Antimicrobial proteins
  3. Alveolar macrophages
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12
Q

Response to airway epithelial injury

A
  1. Degeneration, necrosis, exfoliation
  2. Repair, preciliated cells, mitosis, cell differentiation
  3. Return to normal function
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13
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract (URT) congenital anomalies

A
  • Wry Nose
  • Palatoschisis
  • Choanal Atresia
  • Hypoplastic Epiglottis
  • Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)
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14
Q

Superior or inferior shortened jaws

A

Brachygnathia

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15
Q

Midline defect of hard and soft palate

- can lead to aspiration pneumonia

A

Palatoschisis

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16
Q

Narrowing or complete closure of nasal choana(e)

A

Choanal Atresia

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17
Q

Underdevelopment of epiglottis

A

Hypoplastic Epiglottis

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18
Q

What causes the obstructed airflow in BOAS?

A
  1. Stenotic nares
  2. Overlong soft palate
  3. Hypoplastic trachea
  4. Everted laryngeal saccules
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19
Q

Inflammation of nasal passage

A

Rhinitis

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20
Q

Inflammation of paranasal sinus

A

Sinusitis

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21
Q

Inflammation of pharynx

A

Pharyngitis

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22
Q

Inflammation of auditory tube / guttural pouch

A

Eustachitis

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23
Q

Inflammation of larynx

A

Laryngitis

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24
Q

Causes of URT inflammation

A
  • Infection
  • Mechanical irritation
  • Allergy
  • Trauma
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25
Q

Types of URT inflammation

A
  • Serous
  • Mucoid (catarrhal)
  • Fibrinous
  • Purulent (suppurative)
  • Granulomatous
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26
Q

Type of URT inflammation seen here

A

Catarrhal rhinitis

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27
Q

Type of URT inflammation seen here

A

Mucopurulent rhinitis

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28
Q

Type of URT inflammation seen here

A

Fibrinonecrotic rhinitis & pharyngitis

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29
Q

Type of URT inflammation seen here

A

Purulent rhinitis & sinusitis

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30
Q

Type of URT inflammation seen here

A

Granulomatous rhinitis

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31
Q

Type of URT inflammation seen here

Cause: Streptococcus equi (equi or zooepidemicus) infection

A

Purulent (suppurative) eustachitis

Guttural Pouch Empyema

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32
Q

Collection of pus in a body cavity (especially pleural cavity)

33
Q

What common pathology of the equine guttural pouch is shown here?

A

Guttural Pouch Mycosis

Fungal plaques, can invade arteries/cranial nerves, hemorrhage/dysphagia

34
Q

Describe the laryngeal lesions from left to right

A

Laryngeal Edema, Inflammation, Ulcer

35
Q

Classify this largyngeal lesion

A

Necrotic Laryngitis

36
Q

URT inflammation sequale

A
  1. Epithelial goblet cell hyperplasia / squamous metaplasia
  2. Lymphoid hyperplasia
  3. Hemorrhage or epistaxis
  4. Ulcers, granulation tissue, polyp formation
  5. Local extension (brain, bone)
37
Q

Epistaxis

A

Blood from nose, regardless of origin

38
Q
  • Atrophy & malformation of nasal conchae, common in pigs
  • Caused by Pasteurella multocida producing bacterial toxins that inhibit osteoblasts and promotes osteoclast resoption
A

Atrophic Rhinitis

39
Q

What is this lesion in the pharynx of a cat caused by chronic inflammation?

A

Nasopharyngeal Polyp

inflammatory mass arising from middle ear or auditory tube

40
Q

What is this lesion in the pharynx of a horse with an unknown cause?

A

Ethmoid hematoma

submucosal hemorrhage & vascular proliferation with inflammation

41
Q

What is this non-neoplastic expansile mass that can distort the skull of horses and can become fluid filled?

A

Paranasal Sinus Cyst of horses

42
Q

Types of nasal & sinus neoplasms

A
  • Epithelial neoplasm (squamous cell carcinoma, nasal adenocarcinoma)
  • Round cell neoplasm (lymphosarcoma)
  • Mesenchymal neoplasm (bone, cartilage, connective tissue, vascular tumors)
  • Olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma, rare)
43
Q

Malignant epithelial neoplasm in nasal cavity.

Can be retrovirus-induced in sheep and goast

A

Nasal Adenocarcinoma

44
Q

These lesions are examples of:

A

Laryngeal Tumors

45
Q
  • Unilateral paralysis (hemiplegia) of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle in horses and dogs
  • Caused by injury or idiopathic degeneration of left recurrent laryngeal nerve -> denervation atrophy
  • Incomplete arytenoid abduction causes airway obstruction and abnormal respiratory noise (roaring)
A

Laryngeal Paralysis

“Lar Par”

46
Q

True/False

Abundant tracheal froth is a common postmortem finding in animals with pulmonary edema

47
Q

True/False

Tracheal collapse (dorsoventral flattening) is common in large breed dogs and draft horses

A

False

common in toy breed dogs and miniature horses

48
Q

What are these lesions examples of?

A

Tracheitis

Fibronecrotic from IBR (left) & Parasitic from Oslerus osleri (right)

49
Q

What is an example of a potential cause of tracheal trauma/perforation that can occur in veterinary hospitals?

A

Overinflation of endotracheal tube cuff

50
Q

Describe this lung abnormailty

A

Lung Hypoplasia

rare

51
Q

Describe this lung abnormality

A

Lung Lobe Torsion

usually idiopathic

52
Q

Gas distension of interlobular septa, common agonal change in cattle

53
Q

True/False

In pulmonary congestion from left sided CHF, hemosiderin can be found in pulmonary alveolar macrophages.

54
Q

True/False

A pulmonary thrombus can lead to a pulmonary infarct

55
Q

What are 2 causes of pulmonary hemorrhage?

A
  • Blunt force trauma (contusions)
  • Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)
56
Q

True/False

Uremic mineralization is secondary to renal failure in dogs. These lungs will fail to collapse on necropsy.

56
Q

True/False

Soft lesions on costal pleura are common findings associated with uremic mineralization.

A

False

gritty plaques on costal pleura seen in uremic mineralization

57
Q

True/False

Primary lung neoplasms are more common than metastatic neoplasms to the lungs.

A

False

Lung neoplasms most commonly metastatic

58
Q

What pulmonary neoplasm in cats commonly has metastasis to digits?

A

Pulmonary Carcinoma

59
Q

What pulmonary neoplasm in sheep (less commonly goats) is retrovirus-induced?

A

Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (OPA)

60
Q

Inflammation of lung parenchyma. Features of it include:
* Exudates impair gas exchange
* Leukocyte-derived enzymes/oxygen radicals injure lung
* Repair processes can permanently impair function

61
Q

What are the 4 patterns of lung disease?

A
  • Airway disease
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Interstitiall & bronchointerstitial
  • Embolic pneumonia & abscesses
62
Q

Bronchitis & asthma are examples of which lung disease pattern?

A

Airway Disease

63
Q

Airway disease sequelae

A
  • Bronchiectasis: permanent bronchial dilation due to chronic inflammation
  • Bronchiolitis obliterans: fibrovascular polyp covered by respiratory epithelium that occludes bronchioles
64
Q
  • Lung disease pattern originating at the bronchioar-alveolar junction
  • Infection of the airspace, usually from opportunistic bacteria via AEROGENOUS route of entry
  • Gross Findings: cranioventral consolidation (discolored, firm) due to gravity
  • Microscopic Findings: neutrophils +/- fibrin and macrophages in bronchiolar/alveolar lumen
  • Common Pathogens: Pasteurellaceae (Manheimia, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus, Histophilus, Bibersteinia), Mycoplasma bovis, Rhodococcus equi
A

Bronchopneumonia

65
Q

Subtype of brocnhopneumonia due to aspiration of foreign material, pattern depends on animal’s position at time of aspiration

A

Aspiration Pneumonia

66
Q
  • Lung disease pattern caused by damage/inflammation of alveolar/interlobular septa (interstitium infection/injury)
  • Often via HEMATOGENOUS route
  • Gross Findings: all lung fields affected (multifocal or diffuse), postmortem lungs fail to fully collapse, rib impressions, discoloration, firm or rubbery
  • Microscopic Findings: diffuse alveolar injury with edema, macrophages, & neutrophils in alveoli, +/- hyperplasia & interstitial fibrosis
A

Interstitial Pneumonia

67
Q

Examples of interstitial pneumonia

A
  • Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis (EMPF) via EHV-5 infection
  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
  • Pneumotoxicosis (e.g. Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema & Emphysema / “Fog Fever” from L-tryptophan in forage)
68
Q

True/False

ARDS is an extreme form of interstitial pneumonia characterized by simultaneous capillary & type I pneumocyte injury due to cytokine storm

A

True

-Many causes: sepsis, aspiration pneumonia, pancreatitis, barotrauma etc

69
Q
  • A specific injury of pneumocytes & airway epithelium at broncho-alveoalar junction (microscopic diagnosis required)
  • Implies VIRAL etiology (e.g. Canine Distemper Virus, BRSV)
  • Often lobular pattern
A

Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia

70
Q
  • Lung disease pattern caused by HEMATOGENOUS delivery of bacteria, protozoa, fungi to lungs (e.g. Corynebacterium pseutotuberculosis)
  • Multifocal distribution
  • Gross Findings: hemorrhage, necrosis, suppuration, thrombosis
A

Embolic Pneumonia

71
Q

Incidental lung findings include:

A
  • Melanosis (ruminants, pigs breed variation; NOT metastatic melanoma!)
  • Heterotopic bone (older dogs; NOT osteosarcoma!)
  • Subpleural macrophage foci (“endogenous lipid pneumonia” in cats, rats, ferrets, camelids)
  • Inhaled environmental particulares (Anthracis bacillus)
72
Q

Air of gas in pleural cavities

A

Pneumothorax

73
Q

Examples of non-inflammatory pleural effusions:

A
  • Chylothorax - ruptured thoracic duct
  • Hemothorax - trauma, neoplasia, anticoagulatnts, ruptured aorta
  • Hydrothoraz - heart failure, hypoproteinemia
74
Q

Inflammation of pleura, most commonly caused by extension of pneumia

75
Q

Neoplasm arising from mesothelium of pleura, pericardium, or peritoneum

A

Mesothelioma

76
Q

Transmission of metastatic neoplasms to lungs can occur via:

A
  • Transpleural Dissemination (carcinomas or sarcomas)
  • Pleuroperitoneal Migration (carcinomas through diaphragm
77
Q

**Bronchopneumonia ** is typically characterized by cranioventral consolidation of the lungs and is usually associated with what route of exposure?

A

Aerogenous

Veterinary Pathology (14 decks)

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