Respiratory

Question 1

Dukes criteria

Answer 1

The Duke criteria are a set of clinical criteria set forward for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Major criteria includes two pos blood cultures, positive echo with vegetation/abscess/new regurg/issue with valve prosthetic, serological coxiella. Minor is iv drug use, heart disease, fever, immune or vascular features.

Question 2

Curb 65 score

Answer 2

The CURB-65 is a severity score to predict mortality secondary to community acquired pneumonia and is widely used to identify patients who can be managed as outpatients.

CURB-65 = Confusion, Urea nitrogen, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, 65 years of age and older. CRB-65 = Confusion, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, 65 years of age and older.

Question 3

Causes of pancreatitis (mnemonic)

Answer 3

I GET SMASHED
Mnemonic
I: idiopathic
G: gallstones, genetic - cystic fibrosis
E: ethanol (alcohol)
T: trauma
S: steroids
M: mumps (and other infections)/malignancy
A: autoimmune
S: scorpion stings/spider bites
H: hyperlipidaemia/hypercalcaemia/hyperparathyroidism (metabolic disorders)
E: ERCP
D: drugs (tetracyclines, furosemide, azathioprine, thiazides and many others)
The first four letters also represent the most common causes of pancreatitis.

Question 4

Hyperuricaemia

Answer 4

Serum uric acid concentrations greater than 6 mg/dL for females, 7 mg/dL for men, and 5.5 mg/dL for youth (under 18 years old) are defined as hyperuricemia. The amount of urate in the body depends on the balance between the amount of purines eaten in food, the amount of urate synthesised within the body (e.g., through cell turnover), and the amount of urate that is excreted in urine or through the gastrointestinal tract.

Signs are gout, kidney stones, joint inflammation.

Causes are genetic, insulin resistance, hypertension, hypothyroidism, ckd, obesity, iron overload, diuretics, alcohol.

Treat with

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, including allopurinol, febuxostat and topiroxostat, decrease the production of uric acid, by interfering with xanthine oxidase.[citation needed]

Uricosurics[edit]
Uricosuric agents (benzbromarone, benziodarone, probenecid, lesinurad, sulfinpyrazone, ethebencid, zoxazolamine, and ticrynafen) increase the excretion of uric acid, by reducing the reabsorption of uric acid once it has been filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.

Question 5

Glasgow criteria for pancreatitis

Answer 5

3+ of paO2 less than 7.2, over 55, wbc more than 15, calcium less than 2, urea over 16, Ldh over 600, albumin less than 32, bg over10.

Question 6

Pancreatitis and lungs

Answer 6

ARDs

Question 7

Mechanism of biliary colic

Answer 7

Pain termed biliary colic occurs when gallstones or sludge fortuitously impact in the cystic duct during a gallbladder contraction, increasing the gallbladder wall tension. In most cases, the pain resolves over 30 to 90 minutes as the gallbladder relaxes and the obstruction is relieved.

Question 8

Virchow triad

Answer 8

Rudolf Virchow described 3 factors that are critically important in the development of venous thrombosis: (1) venous stasis, (2) activation of blood coagulation, and (3) vein damage.

Question 9

Cockcroft-Gault Equation

Answer 9

Creatinine Clearance. Can be used to estimate kidney function for CKD staging.
Can be used to adjust or discontinue medications based on kidney function.

Question 10

Functional heartburn

Answer 10

Functional heartburn is defined as the presence of the same heartburn symptoms that are caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease but without any evidence of abnormal esophageal acid exposure, physiologic acid reflux exposure that highly correlates with symptoms and recognized esophageal motility disorders.

Question 11

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide

Answer 11

A higher than normal level of nitric oxide means that there is inflammation (swelling) in the lining of the airways, or could mean that you have allergic asthma. Inflammation typically responds well to corticosteroid therapy.

Question 12

Fostair

Answer 12

Fostair contains beclometasone dipropionate and formoterol. These two actives have different modes of action. In common with other inhaled corticosteroids.

Question 13

BODE score for COPD

Answer 13

A BODE score of 0 to 2 points is associated with 80% survival; A score of 3 to 4 points - 67% survival; A score of 5 to 6 points - 57% survival; and. A score of 7 to 10 points - 18% survival.

Question 14

MRC dyspnoea scale

Answer 14

The MRC Dyspnoea Scale is simple to administer as it allows the patients to indicate the extent to which their breathlessness affects their mobility. The 1-5 stage scale is used alongside the questionnaire to establish clinical grades of breathlessness

Question 15

MAC infection

Answer 15

Mycobacterium Avium complex

It is thought to enter the body through the air when people breathe or when they swallow water.
Can be more likely in HIV+. Median survival 13 yrs.
Common signs and symptoms of MAC lung disease include fatigue, chronic cough, shortness of breath, night sweats, coughing up blood and weight loss.