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CP1 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Moderate Asthma

A

PEF 50-75% of predicted

No features of severe asthma

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2
Q

Severe Asthma

A

Any one of:

PEF 33-50%
RR > 25
HR > 110
Unable to complete sentences

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3
Q

Life Threatening Asthma

A

Any one of:

PEF < 33%
SpO2 < 92%
PO2 < 8kPa
Normal PCO2 (4.6 - 6)
Silent chest
Cyanosis
Reduced GCS
Exhaustion from breathing 
Hypotensive
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4
Q

Emergency asthma treatment

A 
Salbutamol nebs 
Ipratropium nebs 
Steroids 
Oxygen 
IV Mg Sulphate 
ITU referral
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5
Q

Antibody in allergic asthma

A

IgE

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6
Q

Asthma treatment (non-acute)

A

ICS + SABA
+ LABA
+ Higher dose ICS
+ Oral steroids

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7
Q

Acute pulmonary oedema symptoms

A 
SOB
Dyspnoea 
Orthopnoea 
Tachycardia
Gallop rhythm
Bilateral basal crackles 
Haemoptysis
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8
Q

Valve defects associated with pulmonary oedema

A

Mitral Regurgitation

Aortic Regurgitation

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9
Q

Causes of acute pulmonary oedema

A 
Decompensated HF 
Hypertensive crisis 
PE
Negative pressure 
Acute lung injury 
ARDS
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10
Q

ARDS symptoms

A

Hypoxaemia
Dyspnoea
Respiratory failure

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11
Q

Bronchiectasis on auscultation

A

Course crackles
High pitched squeak
Rhonchi
Wheeze

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12
Q

Differentiating between COPD and Bronchiectasis

A

High resolution CT will show structural changes in bronchiectasis
Doesn’t have to be associated with smoking or asthma

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13
Q

Complications of bronchiectasis

A 
Massive haemoptysis 
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax 
Empyema 
Right sided HF
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14
Q

Diagnosing bronchiectasis

A

High res CT
Sputum cultures
Alpha-1-antitrypsin

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15
Q

Complications of COPD

A

Cor Pulmonale - RHF
Pneumothorax
ARF

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16
Q

CXR features of COPD

A

Hyperinflation of lungs
Flattened diaphragm
Cardiomegaly
Pulmonary blebs or bullae

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17
Q

Causes of transudative pleural effusion

A

CHF
Portal hypertension
Nephrotic syndrome
Hypoalbuminaemia

18
Q

Causes of exudative pleural effusion

A

Malignancy
Infection
Pulmonary embolus

19
Q

Clinical features of effusion

A 
Breathless
Pleuritic chest pain 
Dull percussion 
Decreased chest wall movement 
Diminished breath sounds 
Quiet vocal fremitus
Tracheal deviation away from affected side
20
Q

Diagnosing empyema

A

Blood Cultures

Culture of pleuritic fluid via thorancentesis

21
Q

Treating empyema

A

Chest drain
Empirical antibiotics
Fluid resuscitation if required

22
Q

Diagnosing pleural effusion

A

CXR
US
Thoracic CT
Pleural tap if cause not obvious

23
Q

Pleural fluid protein levels in transudate

A

< 30 g/L

24
Q

Pleural fluid protein levels in exudate

A

> 30 g/L

25
Q

Types of lung cancer

A

Small cell (epithelial cell)
NSC Squamous cell
NSC Adenocarcinoma

Less common:
Large cell, Carcionoid, Bronchialveolar

26
Q

Complications of lung cancer

A

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome - facial swelling, upper arm oedema, breathlessness, vein distortion etc.

Post-obstructive pneumonia

Cerebellar degeneration

Hypercalcaemia

27
Q

Common mets sites for lung cancer

A

Brain
Bone
Liver
Adrenal glands

28
Q

Common pathogens in CAP

A

Streptococcus Pneumonia
Haemophilus Influenzae
Post-viral Staphylococcus Aureus/MRSA

Less common:

Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia

29
Q

Common pathogens in HAP

A 
Enterobacteria
Pseudomonas 
Strep Pneumonia
Haemophilus Influenzae
Staphylococcus Aureus/MRSA
30
Q

Common cause of lobar pneumonia

A

Klebsiella

31
Q

Treatment of pneumonia in hospital

A 
Antibiotics 
O2
Fluids 
Vasopressors if hypotensive 
Analgesia 
Chest physio
32
Q

Septic shock

A

Sepsis (end organ dysfunction)
+ Raised lactate
+ Refractory hypotension requiring vasopressin

33
Q

Main cause of mesothelioma

A

Asbestos

34
Q

Clinical signs of restrictive lung disease

A

Reduced FEV1 and FVC leading to a normal FEV1/FVC ratio

T2RF or compensated RF on ABG

Honeycombing on CT

Biopsy

35
Q

Pulmonary causes of restricted lung function

A 
Obstructive lung pathologies 
Fibrosis 
Occupational exposure to pathogens 
Allergic response 
TB
Lung surgery
36
Q

Non-pulmonary causes of restricted lung function

A

Kyphoscoliosis
Obesity
Pregnancy
Neuromuscular disease

37
Q

Causes of focal PF

A

Occupational hazards

38
Q

Causes of interstitial PF

A

Allergic response

39
Q

Replacement PF

A

Autoimmune conditions such as RA and connective tissue disorders
TB

40
Q

CXR findings for TB

A

Nodular opacities in upper lobes
Cavitations
Hilar adenopathy

41
Q

Best test for detecting mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Acid Fast Bacilli smear from early morning sputum samples

42
Q

Locations of non-pulmonary TB

A 
Kidneys
Larynx 
Pleura
Meninges 
Spine 
Pericardium 
Adrenal glands 
Peritoneum

CP1 (13 decks)

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