Breast and Testicle Pathology Flashcards
Fibroadenoma
Painless Mobile Rubbery Well demarcated Common in young women Proliferation of stroll tissue Do not need management
Fibrocystic disease
Breast lumpiness which can be cyclic
May have a rope like texture
May have hyperplasia, cysts and fibrosis, discharge
Breast cyst
Common at 30-50
Sudden onset painless smooth lump
Aspirated
Can co-exist with cancer
Fat necrosis
Obese women
Great trauma
Firm, painless lump but can be tender
May have skin thickening or retraction
Abscess
Lactational or non-lactational
Lactational - Staph aureus (flucloxacillin)
Non-lactational - gram negative and found in diabetics and smokers (metronidazole)
Can cause pyrexia and sepsis
Breast cancer types
Invasive ductal carcinoma most common
Invasive lobular carcinoma - harder to diagnose and can be thickening rather than lump
Others - rarer
Carcinoma in situ characteristics
Have not breached basement membrane
Microcalcifications on mammogram
Varicocele characteristics and management
Dilation of veins causing ‘bag of worms’ appearance
More common on left testicle
Painless but may have a dragging feeling or a dull ache
Embolisation of veins only indicated in those with pain, low sperm or in paediatrics
Hydrocele
Collection of fluid which will envelope testes
Fluctuant and transilluminates
Can be observed but may need surgery
Spermatocele/epididymal cyst
Cysts of fluid or sperm arising from epididymis
Painless lump which is smooth, well defined and fluctuant
Transilluminate but can be separated from testes
Epididymo-orchitis
inflammation of the epididymis and testicles
Caused by infection spread from urethra or bladder such as STI or UTI
May also be as a result of mumps or TB
Painful, unilateral scrotal swelling with discharge, fever and dysuria
Testicular cancer types
Germ Cell (95%)
- Teratoma
- Emryonal
- Yolk sac
- Choriocarcinoma
Non Germ Cell (5%)
- Leydig
- Sertoli
- Lymphoma
Investigating testicular cancer
AFP produced by yolk sac tumours
beta hCG produced by teratomas and seminomas
Phiomosis characteristics and management
Inability to retract foreskin
Can lead to dribbling, weak stream, haematuria, painful erections, UTI
Steroid cream or circumcision
Paraphimosis characteristics and management
Foreskin cannot be replaces after retraction
Can cause oedema, necrotic glans, painful erection
Analgesia, manual reduction with ice, dextrose, compression, surgical reduction, circumcision
