Respiratory 1

Question 1

Primary functions of resp system

Answer 1

• exchange of gases between atmos and blood
• regulation of body pH
• protection of pathogens
• vocalization

Question 2

bulk flow

Answer 2

• air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure
• resistance is influence mostly by diameter of tubes
• muscular pump creates pressure gradients

Question 3

capacities

Answer 3

sum of 2 or more volumes

Question 4

tidal volume

Answer 4

the amount of air in and out of the lungs at rest

~500mL

Question 5

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 5

additional air you can take in after resting inspiration

~3000mL

Question 6

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 6

additional air you can exhale after quiet expiration

~1100mL

Question 7

residual volume

Answer 7

amount of air left in lungs after maximal expiration

~1200mL

Question 8

vital capacity

Answer 8

• sum of IRV, TV, and ERV

- max amount of air that can voluntarily be moved in or out in one breath

Question 9

total lung capacity

Answer 9

sum of all 4 volumes

Question 10

functional residual capacity

Answer 10

ERV + RV

- capacity of air remiaining after quiet expiration

Question 11

inspiratory capacity

Answer 11

• the sum of IRV and TV

- the maximal amount of air that one can inspire

Question 12

inspiration

Answer 12

occurs when alveolar pressure decreases

- increase in volume will cause a decrease in pressure

Question 13

lung compliance

Answer 13

ability of the lung to stretch

- change in volume over change in pressure

Question 14

elasticity

Answer 14

ability to resist being deformed

Question 15

partial pressure

Answer 15

pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture

Question 16

why is intraplueral pressure negative

Answer 16

it is subatmospheric and the elastic recoil of the lungs and the outward pull of thoracic cavity. want to make the volume larger which decreases pressure

Question 17

when does inspiration occur

Answer 17

when alveolar pressure decreases

Question 18

when does expiration occur

Answer 18

when alveolar pressure increases

Question 19

muscles used for inspiration

Answer 19

external intercostals and scalenes

- diaphgram is mostly used

Question 20

muscles for forced inspiration

Answer 20

sternocleidomastoid
neck & back
upper resp

Question 21

muscles for forced expiration

Answer 21

abdominal
neck & back
internal intercostals

Question 22

lung compliance

Answer 22

• ability of the lung to stretch

change in lung volume / chagne in pressure

Question 23

lung elastance

Answer 23

ability to resist being deformed

Question 24

high compliance

Answer 24

easily stretched but won’t return back to original shape

- need less change in pressure to expand lung

Question 25

low compliance

Answer 25

lungs are stiff and its hard to breathe in

- need extra inhalation

Question 26

decreased compliance disease

Answer 26

pulmonary fibrosis - caused by inhalation of pollutants

Question 27

increased compliance disease

Answer 27

emphysema

- loss of lung recoil, enzymes attack alveolar tissue

Question 28

surface tension

Answer 28

tension created by water molecules at air/water interface

Question 29

surfactant

Answer 29

secreted by type II alveolar cells

- decrease surface tension and increases compliance

Question 30

smaller alveoli needs more pressure to keep open as well as ___

Answer 30

more surfactant

Question 31

poiseuille’s law

Answer 31

r=8nl/(pi)(r^4)

Question 32

parasympathetic nerves innervate bronchiole smooth muscle by

Answer 32

• Acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors (constriction)

- circulating epinephrine binding B2 adrenergic receptors (dilation)

Question 33

alveolar ventilation

Answer 33

ventilation rate x (tidal volume-dead space)

Question 34

total pulmonary ventilation

Answer 34

ventilation rate x tidal volume

- the effectiveness of ventilation