Respiration - Unit 4 (1/2) Flashcards
Fact (memorise):
Respiration happens in every living cell, it is one of the 8 life processes.
Now you try with out looking (scroll down for answer):
Respiration happens in every living cell, it is one of the 8 life processes.
What is the energy transferred by respiration used for?
it is used to make a substance called ATP.
what is ATP?
It is what stores the energy. When it is required, it is broken down into ADP, and energy is released.
Why does aerobic respiration use oxygen?
it uses oxygen to transfer energy from glucose.
what is the formula for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Reactants → Products
where does aerobic respiration occur?
it occurs in the mitochondria
where does glucose come from?
it comes from the food we eat.
why and by what is starch broken down?
Starch is broken down by amylase enzymes into glucose.
what happens when we breath in?
Oxygen diffuses into the blood through the alveoli, where it is then transported by red blood cells (hemoglobin) to cells
describe what happens when carbon dioxide enters the body?
Carbon dioxide is an excretory product and is transported back to the lungs by the blood.
It diffuses through alveoli and is removed from the body when we exhale.
what respiration occurs without oxygen?
anaerobic respiration.
what is the formula for Anaerobic respiration in animals?
Glucose → Lactic acd
Reactants → Products
what is the formula for Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?
Glucose → Ethanol + carbon dioxide
Reactants → Products
where does Anaerobic respiration occur?
it occurs in the cytoplasm.
Facts (memorise):
Aerobic respiration:
- Requires oxygen and glucose
- Produces carbon dioxide and water
- Occurs in the mitochondria
- Occurs all the time
- Efficient - releases lots of energy
- Glucose is completely broken down
Say it without looking (scroll down for answers):
Aerobic respiration:
- Requires oxygen and glucose
- Produces carbon dioxide and water
- Occurs in the mitochondria
- Occurs all the time
- Efficient - releases lots of energy
- Glucose is completely broken down
Facts (memorise):
Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells in animals:
- Uses glucose
- Does not require oxygen
- Produces lactic acid
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
- Occurs during intense exercise, when muscle cells cannot get the oxygen fast enough
- Releases much less energy
- Glucose is only partially broken down
Say it without looking (scroll down for answers):
Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells in animals:
- Uses glucose
- Does not require oxygen
- Produces lactic acid
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
- Occurs during intense exercise, when muscle cells cannot get the oxygen fast enough
- Releases much less energy
- Glucose is only partially broken down
Facts (memorise):
Anaerobic respiration be sustained for long periods of time:
- When there is less oxygen available, anaerobic respiration occurs
- It releases less energy
- It produces lactic acid
- Lactic acid lowers cell pH
- Low pH causes enzymes to denature this can cause cell death
Say it without looking (scroll down for answers):
Anaerobic respiration be sustained for long periods of time:
- When there is less oxygen available, anaerobic respiration occurs
- It releases less energy
- It produces lactic acid
- Lactic acid lowers cell pH
- Low pH causes enzymes to denature this can cause cell death
Facts (memorise):
Anaerobic respiration in yeast:
- Uses glucose
- Occurs without oxygen
- Ethanol is used in brewing
- Carbon dioxide is used in making bread
Say it without looking (scroll down for answers):
Anaerobic respiration in yeast:
- Uses glucose
- Occurs without oxygen
- Ethanol is used in brewing
- Carbon dioxide is used in making bread
how do you investigate the evolution of carbon dioxide and heat from respiring seeds or other suitable living organisms
method:
- fill a boiling tube with a small amount of hydrogen carbonate indicator.
- place a small gauze above the indicator, and place small or organisms on top of the gauze.
- Stopper the boiling tube.
- Observe the colour change of the hydrogen carbonate indicator, from orange to yellow.
How to do this practical?: demonstrating that heat is produced by respiration.
- Soak a batch of peas in water for 24 hours so they start to germinate
- Boil a second batch to kill them
- Soak each set of peas in bleach, to kill any bacteria on the surface of peas
- Rinse in distilled water to remove bleach
- Place each batch of peas in an inverted vacuum flask, leaving some air in each flask.
- Record starting temperature
- Leave for a couple of days, then measure final temperature.
what happens during exercise?
- BREATHING RATE increases
- MUSCLES CONTRACT more
- REQUIRES MORE ENERGY - more oxygen is needed due to increase rate of respiration, also, CO2 needs to be removed.
- HEART RATE increases -> to pump more blood to provide more oxygen and glucose for muscles cells
- TEMPERATURE increases - respiration releases heat (causing us to sweat, which evaporates from skin transferring energy away from the body)
how to measure your breathing rate
- count the number of breaths in 1 (or more) minutes.
- for a better test, do this before and after an exercise.
when doing the breathing rate practical (counting your breathing rate before and after an exercise) what will the control variables be?
- Time and intensity of exercise
- Person exercising (age, weight, gender)
- Temperature
how to test for carbon dioxide?
- if carbon dioxide present, lime water turns cloudy
what is the respiratory system?
it is what allows us to breathe and exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen
what are the 8 parts of the respiratory system?
- nasal cavity
- mouth
- trachea
- alveoli
- bronchiole
- bronchus
- lungs
- diaphragm
what happens in the alveoli?
gas exchange
how does the respiratory system look like?
- nose cavity and mouth are up in the head.
- for the air to go down (to the lungs) it passes through the trachea. A tube like thing connected to the lung and nasal cavity.
- the lungs are protected by the rib cage.
- the alveoli are tree like parts inside the lung.
- the bronchiole is the “root” of the alveoli.
- the bronchus is connected to the trachea and is inside the lungs. It brings air inside the lungs.
what are the airways lined with?
it is lined with ciliated cells, which are covered in tiny hairs called cilia.
what do goblet cells produce? where? how is it removed?
- it produces mucus, which trap bacteria and dust (in the airway).
- it is removed by the cilia (preventing lung infection)
what happens when we inhale?
- Diaphragm contracts and flattens
- Intercostal muscles contract
- Ribcage is pulled upwards and outwards
- Thorax volume increases, which causes pressure to decrease
- Air is drawn into the lungs
what happens when we breathe out exhale?
- Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
- Intercostal muscles relax
- Ribcage is pulled downwards and inwards
- Thorax volume decreases, which causes pressure to increase
- Air is forced out of the lungs
why do we need oxygen?
we need oxygen to enter the blood to be transported to cells for respiration.
how is the alveoli adapted?
- Having a large surface area
- Thin walls (short diffusion distance)
- Lots of capillaries giving them a good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
- Moist lining for gases to dissolve in
how is smoke bad for our health?
- Smoking damage alveoli, reducing surface area for gas exchange, which can cause emphysema
- Tar damages cilia, which means mucus containing bacteria cannot be removed from the airways, risking lung infection
- Tar also irritates bonchi, causing smokers cough and bronchitis
- Substances called carcinogens can cause lung cancer
- Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin in blood, reducing oxygen capacity
