respiration to evolution

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

Chemical reaction within cells by which living things release energy from carbohydrates, producing CO2 and water.

Question 2

Aerobic

Answer 2

When oxygen is present or being used.

Question 3

Anaerobic

Answer 3

When oxygen is not present or being used.

Question 4

Glycogen

Answer 4

Large carbohydrate molecule; similar to starch but found only in animal cells, and some bacterial and fungal cells.

Question 5

Lactic acid

Answer 5

Chemical made from the incomplete breakdown of glucose during anaerobic respiration.

Question 6

Fatigue

Answer 6

Build up of lactic acid in muscles that stops them contracting properly.

Question 7

Oxygen debt

Answer 7

Lack of oxygen in muscle cells. Oxygen is needed to oxidise lactic acid in the muscle.

Question 8

Mitosis

Answer 8

Cell division that occurs in body cells, resulting in 2 genetically identical cells.

Question 9

Chromosome

Answer 9

Structure in a cell nucleus that is made up of a DNA molecule that has been condensed and coiled.

Question 10

Diploid

Answer 10

Describes a cell that has a nucleus with two sets of chromosomes e.g. body cells.

Question 11

Asexual reproduction

Answer 11

Reproduction without gametes, using mitosis. E.g. in bacteria.

Question 12

Allele

Answer 12

A version of a gene.

Question 13

Meiosis

Answer 13

Cell division that occurs to form sex cells (gametes), resulting in 4 unique cells.

Question 14

Gametes

Answer 14

Sex cells. They contain half the normal number of chromosomes for the specific organism.

Question 15

Haploid

Answer 15

Describes a cell that has a nucleus with only one set of chromosomes e.g. sex cells.

Question 16

Zygote

Answer 16

Diploid cell resulting from the fusion of an egg and a sperm.

Question 17

Fertilisation

Answer 17

The joining of the male and female gametes to make a new individual.

Question 18

F1 generation

Answer 18

First generation of offspring from a genetic cross between two true-breeding parents.

Question 19

Dominant

Answer 19

Visible characteristic found in an organism even when only one allele of the gene is present.

Question 20

Recessive

Answer 20

A visible characteristic that is only present if two copies of the same allele are inherited.

Question 21

Inheritance factor

Answer 21

A term used by Mendel. We now call this a gene.

Question 22

Gregor Mendel

Answer 22

Discovered that inheritance was due to inheritance factors and not caused by a blending mechanism.

Question 23

Monohybrid inheritance

Answer 23

Inheritance pattern of a single characteristic, determined by 1 gene

Question 24

DNA

Answer 24

(deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 25

Gene

Answer 25

Section of DNA that codes for a characteristic or protein.

Question 26

Punnett square

Answer 26

A grid used to represent the genetic cross of gametes during sexual reproduction.

Question 27

Sex chromosomes

Answer 27

Chromosomes that decide on the sex of an individual.

Question 28

DNA bases

Answer 28

Molecules arranged in pairs within each molecule of DNA. A pairs with T; C pairs with G.

Question 29

Triplet code

Answer 29

Set of three DNA bases that code for a specific amino acid.

Question 30

Digit

Answer 30

Finger or toe.

Question 31

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 31

A genetically inherited disorder that affects cell membranes. Excess mucus in the airwaves is a common symptom.

Question 32

Stem cell

Answer 32

An undifferentiated cell that can divide by mitosis. It is able to differentiate into some or sometimes all of the bodies cell types.

Question 33

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 33

Technique that analyses parts of the DNA of an individual and compares it with DNA from other individuals. Used to solve crimes, and check if people are related.

Question 34

Evolution

Answer 34

Gradual change in an organism over time.

Question 35

Fossil

Answer 35

Preserved remains of ancient living things.

Question 36

Endangered

Answer 36

Describes a species that has low numbers and is in danger of becoming extinct.

Question 37

Extinction

Answer 37

End of a species, when all of its members have dies out.

Question 38

Speciation

Answer 38

Separate evolution of two populations of the same species, to form two separate species.

Question 39

Isolation

Answer 39

Separation of two populations of a species so that they cannot interbreed. E.g. by a geographical barrier such as a mountain range.

Question 40

Mutation

Answer 40

Change in the structure of a gene. A mutation may cause a gene to code for a different characteristic.

Question 41

Natural selection

Answer 41

The survival of better-adapted organisms.