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AQA GCSE Biology Unit 2 > respiration to evolution > Flashcards

respiration to evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiration

A

Chemical reaction within cells by which living things release energy from carbohydrates, producing CO2 and water.

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2
Q

Aerobic

A

When oxygen is present or being used.

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3
Q

Anaerobic

A

When oxygen is not present or being used.

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4
Q

Glycogen

A

Large carbohydrate molecule; similar to starch but found only in animal cells, and some bacterial and fungal cells.

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5
Q

Lactic acid

A

Chemical made from the incomplete breakdown of glucose during anaerobic respiration.

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6
Q

Fatigue

A

Build up of lactic acid in muscles that stops them contracting properly.

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7
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Lack of oxygen in muscle cells. Oxygen is needed to oxidise lactic acid in the muscle.

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that occurs in body cells, resulting in 2 genetically identical cells.

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9
Q

Chromosome

A

Structure in a cell nucleus that is made up of a DNA molecule that has been condensed and coiled.

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10
Q

Diploid

A

Describes a cell that has a nucleus with two sets of chromosomes e.g. body cells.

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11
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction without gametes, using mitosis. E.g. in bacteria.

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12
Q

Allele

A

A version of a gene.

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13
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that occurs to form sex cells (gametes), resulting in 4 unique cells.

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14
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells. They contain half the normal number of chromosomes for the specific organism.

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15
Q

Haploid

A

Describes a cell that has a nucleus with only one set of chromosomes e.g. sex cells.

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16
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid cell resulting from the fusion of an egg and a sperm.

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17
Q

Fertilisation

A

The joining of the male and female gametes to make a new individual.

18
Q

F1 generation

A

First generation of offspring from a genetic cross between two true-breeding parents.

19
Q

Dominant

A

Visible characteristic found in an organism even when only one allele of the gene is present.

20
Q

Recessive

A

A visible characteristic that is only present if two copies of the same allele are inherited.

21
Q

Inheritance factor

A

A term used by Mendel. We now call this a gene.

22
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Discovered that inheritance was due to inheritance factors and not caused by a blending mechanism.

23
Q

Monohybrid inheritance

A

Inheritance pattern of a single characteristic, determined by 1 gene

24
Q

DNA

A

(deoxyribonucleic acid)

25
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA that codes for a characteristic or protein.

26
Q

Punnett square

A

A grid used to represent the genetic cross of gametes during sexual reproduction.

27
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that decide on the sex of an individual.

28
Q

DNA bases

A

Molecules arranged in pairs within each molecule of DNA. A pairs with T; C pairs with G.

29
Q

Triplet code

A

Set of three DNA bases that code for a specific amino acid.

30
Q

Digit

A

Finger or toe.

31
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

A genetically inherited disorder that affects cell membranes. Excess mucus in the airwaves is a common symptom.

32
Q

Stem cell

A

An undifferentiated cell that can divide by mitosis. It is able to differentiate into some or sometimes all of the bodies cell types.

33
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

Technique that analyses parts of the DNA of an individual and compares it with DNA from other individuals. Used to solve crimes, and check if people are related.

34
Q

Evolution

A

Gradual change in an organism over time.

35
Q

Fossil

A

Preserved remains of ancient living things.

36
Q

Endangered

A

Describes a species that has low numbers and is in danger of becoming extinct.

37
Q

Extinction

A

End of a species, when all of its members have dies out.

38
Q

Speciation

A

Separate evolution of two populations of the same species, to form two separate species.

39
Q

Isolation

A

Separation of two populations of a species so that they cannot interbreed. E.g. by a geographical barrier such as a mountain range.

40
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the structure of a gene. A mutation may cause a gene to code for a different characteristic.

41
Q

Natural selection

A

The survival of better-adapted organisms.

AQA GCSE Biology Unit 2 (3 decks)

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