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AQA GCSE Biology Unit 2 > cells to enzymes > Flashcards

cells to enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell

A

The building block of living things

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the activities of the cell. It contains chromosomes made of DNA.

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like contents of a cell where many chemical reactions take place.

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

A thin layer around a cell that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

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5
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid cellulose layer outside the cell membrane of a plant or bacterial cell.

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6
Q

Chloroplast

A

Small disc in the cytoplasm of plants containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

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7
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Fluid-filled area in plant cells, containing sap.

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of aerobic respiration in plant and animal cells.

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9
Q

Bacteria

A

A microorganism 1-5 ?m long. It?s DNA is not contained within a nucleus.

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10
Q

Fungi

A

Organisms with a cell wall made of chitin, rather than the cellulose found in plant cell walls.

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11
Q

Specialised cell

A

A cell that has a structure well suited to its function.

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12
Q

Differentiation

A

When a cell develops into a type that is specialised for a specific function.

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13
Q

Diffusion

A

When the net movement of particles is from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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14
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in concentration of a substance from one area to another.

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15
Q

Multicellular

A

Being built up of many cells, all working together as an organism.

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16
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells working together to perform a common function e.g. muscle or xylem.

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17
Q

Organ

A

Collection of different tissues working together to perform a function within an organism e.g. stomach, or leaf.

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18
Q

Organ system

A

Collection of different organs working together to perform a major function within an organism e.g. digestive system, or flower.

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19
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

Tissue one cell thick on the surface of plant roots, stems and leaves, that protects the organs.

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20
Q

Xylem

A

Plant tissue, made up of dead cells, that has the function of transporting water and dissolved substances through the plant.

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21
Q

Phloem

A

Plant tissue, made up of living cells, that has the function of transporting food substances through the plant.

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22
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Layer of tall column shaped cells in the leaf containing chloroplasts, where the majority of photosynthesis occurs.

23
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment found in chloroplasts, that traps light energy for photosynthesis.

24
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Chemical reaction that enable plants to build carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, using energy from sunlight.

25
Q

Word equation

A

A way of representing a chemical reaction using the names of chemicals e.g. oxygen and glucose.

26
Q

Chemical equation

A

A way of representing a chemical reaction using symbols of chemicals e.g. CO2 and H20

27
Q

Stomata

A

Pores (holes) on the surface of a leaf that allows water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen to move in and out of the leaf.

28
Q

Rate of photosynthesis

A

How quickly a plant is photosynthesising. This is affected by factors including levels of CO2, light, and temperature.

29
Q

Limiting factor

A

E.g. carbon dioxide level, light intensity or temperature, which will affect the rate of photosynthesis if it is in short supply.

30
Q

Distribution

A

Detail of where species are found over the total area of where they occur. E.g. woodlice have a high distribution under a log.

31
Q

Population

A

The number of organisms of the same species in a selected area.

32
Q

Community

A

All the populations of organisms that live together and interact in the same area.

33
Q

Relationship

A

Interaction between different species living together in the same area.

34
Q

Sampling

A

Counting a small number of a large total population in order to study its distribution.

35
Q

Quadrat

A

A quadrat is a square grid used in ecology for sampling purposes.

36
Q

Transect

A

A line or path through part of the environment showing a range of different habitats.

37
Q

Mean

A

The average of a collection of data. Found by adding up all results, and dividing by the number of results collected.

38
Q

Median

A

The middle value of a collection of data.

39
Q

Mode

A

Most common value of a collection of data.

40
Q

Protein

A

Large molecules made up of many amino acids. Many roles within organisms, e.g. muscle, hormones and enzymes.

41
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks of proteins. When proteins are digested, amino acids are absorbed into the blood.

42
Q

Enzyme

A

Biological catalyst made of protein. They catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms.

43
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up itself.

44
Q

Substrate

A

Substance acted upon by an enzyme in a chemical reaction.

45
Q

Optimum

A

Best. E.g. the optimum temperature for an enzyme is the temperature at which the enzyme performs best.

46
Q

Denatured

A

When the shape of an enzyme has altered and it can no longer carry out its function. Often caused by temperature or pH.

47
Q

Chemical digestion

A

The break down of food within the body due to the action of enzymes on large food molecules.

48
Q

Amylase

A

An enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugar molecules.

49
Q

Protease

A

An enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of proteins to amino acids.

50
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol.

51
Q

Biological detergent

A

Detergent that contains enzymes.

52
Q

Fermenters

A

Large container used for growing large numbers of microorganisms.

53
Q

Carbohydrase

A

E.g. Amylase - Enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of large carbohydrate molecules e.g. starch into smaller sugar molecules.

54
Q

Isomerase

A

Type of enzyme that rearranges the atoms of a molecule. E.g. when converting glucose into fructose.

AQA GCSE Biology Unit 2 (3 decks)

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