respiration, gas exchange, oxygenation

Question 1

gas exchange involves what

Answer 1

process of transporting oxygen into cells
transport of carbon dioxide out of cells

Question 2

ventilation involves air in lungs and carbon dioxide out; what are some factors that may affect this?

Answer 2

high altitude
impaired ventilation and lower oxygen concentration
lack of surfactant in newborns doesn’t allow the lungs to fully expand; this is an issue in premies
asthmatic patients

Question 3

what is ischemia?

Answer 3

insufficient oxygen supply to tissues and causes cell injury or death
leads to hypoxia

Question 4

what is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?

Answer 4

hypoxia
cells do not have enough oxygen
hypoxemia
arterial blood doesn’t have enough oxygen in it

Question 5

what exactly is respiratory acidosis?

Answer 5

not moving carbon dioxide out of cells; increased carbon dioxide

Question 6

what three things that can lead to ischemia, hypoxia, and hypoxemia?

Answer 6

ventilation
transport
perfusion

Question 7

what occurs during transportation?

Answer 7

hemoglobin carries oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells
occurs through the blood vessels and decreases blood cells
can cause anemia or blood loss and can occur during trauma or major surgeries

Question 8

where does perfusion occur and what happens?

Answer 8

happens at cell level and allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to swap places

Question 9

what are some causes for impaired gas exchange?

Answer 9

ineffective ventilation
reduced capacity for gas transportation (reduced red blood cells)
inadequate perfusion

Question 10

assessment of respiration

Answer 10

rate
rhythm
depth
eupnea (ventilation of normal rate and depth

Question 11

factors influencing respirations

Answer 11

exercise
acute pain
anxiety
smoking
body positions
medications
neurological injury
hemoglobin function

Question 12

alterations in breathing patterns

Answer 12

eupnea (normal breathing)
bradypnea (slower than normal)
cheyne-stokes respiration (regular cycle where increases until decrease until apnea)
dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
orthopnea (positions affect breathing)
tachypnea (rapid, shallow breathing)

Question 13

factors that affect pulse Ox reading

Answer 13

too loose/too tight
polish, artificial nails
temperature of extremity
movement
skin pigmentation
edema
peripheral vascular disease

Question 14

assessment of diffusion and perfusion

Answer 14

acceptable range is 95-100%
light absorption with photo detector
pulse saturation estimates arterial saturation