Respiration And Gas Exchange Flashcards
Give the two equations for anaerobic respiration
In animals:
Glucose = lactic acid (+energy)
In plants:
Glucose = ethanol and carbon dioxide (+energy)
Give the word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O (+energy)
What are the drawbacks of anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic
Anaerobic means without oxygen so it is not the best way to convert glucose into energy as it releases much less energy. In anaerobic the glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid is produced
Lactic acid builds up in the muscles - it gets painful and leads to cramps
Name an indicator solution that can be used to detect carbon dioxide
Hydrogen - carbonate solution can show thAt living organisms produce CO2
The solution is normally orange but changes colour to yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide
Describe an experiment to detect CO2 production from respiration
1) soak some dried beans in water for a day or two so they begin to germinate
2) boil a similar sized beans so they die and can’t respire. These will act as a control
3) put some hydrogen carbonate indicator into two test tubes.
4) put a platform made of gauze into each test tube and place the beans on this. Seal test tube using a rubber bung
5) leave apparatus for set time
6) during that time CO2 produced should have an effect on the hydrogen carbonate indicator - it will turn yellow
5)
Describe an experiment used to monitor the heat produced in respiration
1) prepare two sets of beans, one germinating, one dead
2) add each set of beans to a vacuum flask, making sure there’s some air left in the flasks ( so the beans can respire aerobically)
3) please a thermometer into each flask and seal the top with cotton wool
4) record the temperature of each flask daily for a week
5) the beans are well insulated in the flasks so when germinating beans respite and produce heat, the test flasks temperature will increase compared to control flask
Explain what plants do at night to respire
During the day (when the light intensity is high) plants make more oxygen by photosynthesis than they use in respiration. So in daylight they release oxygen and take in carbon dioxide
At night (when light intensity is low) plants only respire, there’s not enough light for photosynthesis. This means they take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide (like humans)
How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis
Leaves are broad so there’s the surface area for diffusion.
They’re also thin which mean gases only have to travel a short distance to each cells where they’re needed.
There are air spaces inside the lead this lets fade move easily between cells increasing the surface area for gas exchange
Name the key structure of the respiratory system
Thorax - top part of body Diaphragm Lungs Rib cage surrounded by pleural membranes Trachea which splits into two tubes: Bronchi (one in each lung) Bronchioles Alveoli (site of gas exchange)
What happens when you breathe in
1) intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
2) thorax volume increases
3) decreasing the pressure drawing air it
What happens when you breathe out
1) intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
2) thorax volume deceases
3) air is forced out
Describe the exchange that happens between the alveoli and the blood
1) lungs contain air sacs called alveoli
2) the blood passing next to the alveoli has contains high conc of co2 low conc of O2
3) they want to balance each other out
4) so O2 diffuses out of alveoli and co2 diffuses out of blood into alveoli to be breathed out
4) when the blood reaches body cells oxygen is released from red blood cells and diffuses into body cells
5) simultaneously carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body cells into blood.
6) It is then carried back to the lungs.
State four ways that the alveolis structure is ideal for Gas exchange
1) huge number of them on the lungs to create large surface area
2) there’s a moist lining for gases to dissolve int
3) they have one cell thick (very thin) walls so gas doesn’t have far to diffuse
4) great blood supply to maintain high conc gradient
5) walls are permeable so gases na diffuse across easily
Name and explain two other diseases linked to smoking
Emphysema- smoking damages the walls inside the alveoli, reducing surface area for gas exchange and leading to disease
Chronic bronchitis- tar irritated the bronchi and bronchioles, encouraging mucus to be produced which can’t be cleared very well by damaged cilia
Define respiration
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from glucose, which happens constantly in every living cell
