respiration and gas exchange Flashcards
what are the adaptations of alveoli
•the alveoli and capillary have walls that are one cell thick – short diffusion distance (between the air and the blood to increase diffusion)
•have a large surface area
•high/steep concentration gradient - from blood and ventilation level
•rich blood supply - to maintain a steep diffusion gradient between the alveoli and the blood to increase diffusion
•the walls are permeable - allow diffusion to happen
•they are moist - to help dissolve gases and increase diffusion rate
what are similarities of respiration and combustion
• both chemical reactions
• both need oxygen
explain why during exercise our bodies need to carry out more cellular respiration
all exercise requires our muscles to move more and any muscular contraction requires lots of energy, which we’ll have to get from respiration
as respiration requires oxygen, we’ll have to get more oxygen to our muscles
to achieve this, the rate of our breathing and the volume of each breath will have to increase - meaning that the muscles around the lungs will need to contract more than usual, which again requires energy
we’ll also have to pump this oxygen around the body more quickly than usual so the heart rate will have to increase, which requires more energy
which is more efficient - aerobic or anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration is far more efficient than anaerobic respiration (aerobic - complete glucose breakdown, anaerobic- incomplete glucose breakdown)
how does our body get rid of the lactic acid
our blood carries the lactic acid from the muscles over to the liver, where it reacts with oxygen and converts back to glucose
what is ATP
• respiration is a chemical reaction that makes ATP
• ATP is a chemical that is used to provide energy for the cell
• Both types of respiration produce ATP
• Every respiration produces more than aerobic respiration
what is the energy that ATP provides used for
• cell division
• chemical reactions (e.g. protein synthesis)
• muscular contraction (e.g. heart, skeletal)
• activity of the immune system
• transport processes (e.g. moving substances across cells)
what happens when there isn’t enough oxygen
• anaerobic respiration
• glucose is not completely broken down and so less ATP is produced
• it also produces toxic waste products which must either be excreted or broken down (lactic acid)
describe lactic acid
Lactic acid builds up, causing cramps and diffuses from muscles into the blood.
In high concentrations lactic acid is toxic, so it is transported to the liver where it is oxidised.
This uses oxygen – we keep breathing heavily after exercise to supply the extra oxygen needed to dispose of the lactic acid in our bodies.
The volume of oxygen needed to oxidise the lactic acid is called oxygen debt.
(in animals) OR
lactic acid builds up in the tissues (gives the burning/stitch sensation) when anaerobic respiration occurs, after exercise our bodies need to get rid of the lactic acid by reacting it with oxygen, this means that the more lactic acid builded up, the more oxygen needed, this is called oxygen dept
respiration in peas (dead and alive) practical - describe the obcservations
the flask with the alive (sterilised - so no bacteria respires and equal experiment) peas will have a warmer temperature due to respiration as it’s an exothermic reaction
what does the C in CORMS stand for
change
what does the O in CORMS stand for
organism (same?)
what does the R in CORMS stand for
repeat
what does the M in CORMS stand for
measure
what does the S in CORMS stand for
same
describe the ‘how does temperature affect respiration in yeast’ practical
will need: water bath, 10ml of yeast suspension/in sugar solution, vegetable oil in same flask as yeast, 2 mins timer, bung (prevents carbon dioxide escaping), capillary tube and lime water in another flask
The higher the temperature gets the more kinetic energy so therefore there are more substrate and enzyme collisions and higher rate of respiration, but once it starts turning to 60 degrees the enzymes begin to denature - active site changes shape - lower rate of respiration - less bubbles produced
define diffusion
• diffusion is the random movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
• this usually results in an equilibrium (the same number of particles on each side)
• it doesn’t require energy as particles move down the concentration gradient easily
what are ways to increase the rate of diffusion
• warmer temperature - molecules have more kinetic energy therefore move faster so faster diffusion
• larger surface area - space to enter
• short distance - short diffusion distance - very thin walls - closer therefore faster diffusion
• larger concentration gradient - overtime more molecules will move in then out
why are cells so small
larger SA:V = faster diffusion
what happens when there is less oxygen
less oxygen —> anaerobic respiration
in a jar there is a live cockroach and in another there is a dead cockroach, both jars have a candle in them, which candle will go out first - explain
in the jar containing the live cockroach, the oxygen would be used up by the cockroach respiring so therefore the candle would burn out quicker than the jar containing the dead cockroach because it is not using up any oxygen for respiration
what colour would the hydrogen carbonate solution turn in a tube containing a live insect
red
how do you calculate SA:V ratio
SA/V
what is the role of a red blood cell
transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body cells
describe how oxygen diffuses in the alveoli
the oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the red blood cells and combines with the haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
describe how carbon dioxide diffuses in the alveoli
the carbon dioxide diffuses from the plasma of the capillaries into the alveoli and is breathed out
describe gas exchange
Oxygen diffuses from where there is high concentration in the alveoli to where there is a lower concentration in the bloodstream. Oxygen diffuses into the red blood cells where it binds with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin for transport around the body. In the body, oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin and diffuses to the cells. Oxygen is used by respiring cells to release energy from glucose. Respiration produces water and carbon dioxide, which diffuses into the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses from where there is a high concentration in the bloodstream to where there is a lower concentration in the alveoli.
what are the similarities in gas exchange and respiration
• both involve oxygen and carbon dioxide
• respiration is a chemical reaction using carbon dioxide to make ATP (energy)
what are the intercostal muscles
the muscles in between the ribs used to move ribs up and out
what is the trachea
it’s the tube that carries the air in and out of the lungs (windpipe), it has cartilage rings around it
what are the bronchi (plural)/ bronchus (singular)
the (two) tubes connected to the trachea leading to each lung
what are the bronchioles
the bronchioles are the branches connected to the bronchus and branch into the lungs
what are the alveoli
small circular pockets, where gas exchange takes place, connected to the bronchioles
what is the diaphragm
a sheet of muscle that forms the base of the thorax (chest), contracts and relaxes when breathing
