Respiration and energy Flashcards
Enzymes used in the first stage of glycolysis
Hexokinase glucokinase in liver Isomerase Phosphofructokinase Aldolase
Enzymes used in the second stage of glycolysis
GL-3-P DEHYDROGENASE PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE ENOLASE PYRUVATE KINASE
First 4 steps of glycolysis
Glucose to glucose -6-phosphate with hexokinase
Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose 6- phosphate with phopshoglucose isomerase
Fructose -6- phosphate to fructose 1-6 bisphosphate with phosphofructokinase
Fructose 1-6 bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate with aldolase
5 steps in the second stage of glycolysis
Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate to 1-3 bisphosphate glycerate with gl-3-p dehydrogenase
1-3 bisphosphate glycerate to 3 phosphoglycerate with phosphoglycerate kinase
3 to 2 phosphoglycerate with phsophoglycerate mutase
2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenol pyruvate with enolase
Phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate with pyruvate kinase
Where does glycolysis occur
Cytosol of cell
4 steps of link reaction
Pyruvate transported to mitochondrial matrix with atp
Pyruvate decarboxlyated to acetly and oxidised
Nad is reduced
Coa picks up acetly to make acetyl CoA
enzymes in krebs cycle
citrate synthase aconitase isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha ketagluterate dehydrogenase succinyl coa synthase succinate dehygrogenase fumrate malate dehygrogenase
substrates for krebs cycle
mnemonic
citrate isocitrate alpha ketoglutarate succinyl coa succinate fumrate malate can i kepe some succinate for my oxaloacetate
steps in krebs cycle
acetyl coa and oxaloacetate combine to make citrate with citrate synthase
citrate to isocitrate with aconitase
isocitrate to alpha ketogluterate with isocitrate
dehydrogenase
alpha ketogluterate to succinyl coa with alphaketogluterate dehygrogenase
succinyl coa to succinate succinyl coa synthase
succinate to fumrate with succinate dehrogenase
fumrate to malate with succinate dehydrogenase
products of krebs cycle
4atp
6NADH
2 FADH
4CO2
names of the 4 complexes in ETC
NADH dehygrogenase complex
succinate dehydrogenase complex
cytochrome reductase
cytochrome oxidase
purpose of ETC
O2 as the final electron acceptor
to make atp
role of succinate dehydrogenase complex
to convert succinate to fumrate for the krebs cycle
role of cytocgome c oxidase
It catalyzes electron transfer from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen,
so oxygen can be the final electron acceptor
rate limiting step of krebs cycle
isocitrate dehydrogenase
catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to alpha-ketoglutarate, NADH, a proton, and a molecule of carbon dioxid
rate limiting factor in glycolysis
pfk1
regulation of of hexokinase
more (g6p) less hexokinase , less glucose
reversible reaction
regulation of pfk1
effected by AMP
inhibited by atp- more atp lower pfk
2 steps that produce atp in glycolysis
1 3 bisphosphoglycerate - 3 phopshoglycerate
phosphoenol pyruvate —-> pyruvate
3 rate limiting steps in krebs cycle
citrate synthase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase
how is citrate synthase a RLS
allosteric from atp, nadh
competitive by succinyl coa
how is a keto dehydrogenase a RLS
conc of products depends on rate
how is isocitrate dehydrogenase a RLS
HIGHER ox phos= faster
b oxidation of FA
FA to acyl adenylate to acyl coa with acyl coa synthase carnitine shuttle RLS into mitochondrial matrix hydrolysis reduction reactions turned into ACETYL COa Excess to form ketones
body ph
7.35-7.45
4 function of hb
o2 transport
co2 transport to lungs carbaminohaemoglobin
mops up excess h+ as a buffer
Nitric oxide transport for vasodilation
how to tell if something is metabolic
both hco3- and ph will be doing the same
ie ph and hc03- will increase in metabolic alkalosis and the opposite for acidosis
what is the anion gap
anions - cations
