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respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 stages in aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

the cell cytoplasm

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3
Q

where do the other stages occur?

A

link => mitochondrial matrix
krebs –> mitochondrial matrix
oxidative phos => cristae

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4
Q

what is the product of glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of pyruvate

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5
Q

how many ATP , NADH are made in glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP (total is 4 but 2 are reused by glycolysis to phosphorylate glucose
  • NADH -> x 2
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6
Q

where do the NADH go to after glycolysis?

A
  • to the cristae for oxidative phosphorylation
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7
Q

what happens to the 2 molecules of pyruvate after they are produced?

A

they are actively transported to the mitochondria where they are decarboxylated and oxidised in the link reaction to form acetate + eventually to form acetyl CoA

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8
Q

describe the process of glycolysis + how it produces 2 molecules of pyruvate?

A

1) glucose in the cytoplasm is phosphorylated by 2 molecules of phosphate by 2 ATP molecules, producing 2 ADP molecules and Hexose Bisphosphate.
2) Hexose bisphosphate is hydrolysed to form 2 molecules of Triose phosphate which are phosphorylated by free inorganic Pi molecules to form 2 molecules Triose Bisphosphate.
3) Triose Bisphosphate is dephosphorlated by 4 molecules of ADP to form 4 molecules of ATP. It is also oxidised and loses 2 H+ to reduce 2 coenzymes NAD to NADH.
4) the product is 2 pyruvate molecules and a net of 2 ATP as 2/4 are reused to phosphorylate glucose in glycolysis. and 2 molecules of NADH.

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9
Q

how are the 2 molecules of pyruvate moved to the matrix of mitochondria for link reaction?

A
  • active transport.
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10
Q

what happens in the conversion of pyruvate to acetate in link reaction

A
  • decarboxylation (ie loss of CO2)

- oxidation of pyruvate + reduction of NAD into NADH.

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11
Q

is ATP made in the link reaction?

A
  • no !
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12
Q

how many times does the link reaction occur per glucose respired and why ?

A

2x

glycolysis produces 2 molecules of pyruvate which each go thrugh the link reaction

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13
Q

describe the process of the LINK reaction?

A

1) each pyruvate molecule is decarboxylated and oxidised to form acetate
- co2 is produced + released
- NAD is reduced to form NADH.
2) acetate is combined with coenzme A (coA) to produce acetyl coA.

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14
Q

how many molecules of acetyle coA are produced?

A

2

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15
Q

how many molecule of CO2 are released as a waste product of respiration

A

2

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16
Q

how many molecules of NADH are formed + go on to take part in Oxidative phosph in the link

A

2

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17
Q

how many times does the krebs cycle occur per glucose molecule?

A

2 (bc it follows from link which occurs to ONE pyruvate molecule)

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18
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur?

A
  • in the mitochondrial matrix
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19
Q

which enzyme catalyses formation of citrate (6C)

A
  • citrate synthase
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20
Q

describe the KREBS cycle.

A

-the CoA of acetyle CoA is removed from Acetyle coA and the remaining acetyl group combines with a 4C molecule of Oxaloacetate (OAA) to form a 6C molecule called citrate (catalysed by citrate synthase).
- citrate is converted into a 5C molecule after decarboxylation to form CO2 which is released . it is also oxidised , releasing a H+ which reduces a molecule of NAD to NADH.
- the 5C molecule is then converted into a 4C molecule (OAA) by decarboxylation forming the 2nd CO2 which is released.
- 2x NAD + H+ —> NADH
1x FAD + H2 –> FADH2
ADP + Pi –> ATP.
the 4C OAA is reused to bind to acetate in another cycle of krebs cycle.

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21
Q

which products of the krebs cycle ar reused in the oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • 3 NADH

- 1 FADH2

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22
Q

what are the products of the krebs cycle (6)

- where do these products go?

A 
1 OAA --> reused in the next krebs cycle  
1 CoA --> reused in the next link 
3NADH --> oxidative phosphorylation
1FADH2 --> oxidative phosphorylation
ATP --> used for energy 
2CO2 --> released as a waste product
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23
Q

what is the def of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • the process where the energy released by electrons from reduced coenzymes are is used to make ATP by chemiosmosis.
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24
Q

what is the point of glycolysis, link + krebs

A
  • to make NADH and FADH
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25
Q

which is the only process that FADH2 is produced

A

krebs cycle

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26
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

the cristae

inner mitochondrial membrane

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27
Q

describe the process of Oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Hydrogen atoms are released in oxidation of NADH/FADH hydrolysis and are further split to form H+ (protons) and electrons.
2) the electrons will move along the electron transport chain (ETC) releasign eergy that will be used to pump electrons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space.
3) accumulation of the H+ inside the IMS creates Electrochemical gradient as there is a larger conc of H+ inside IMS than matrix.
4) the H+ thus will diffuse by facilitated diffusion across ATP synthase, down the EC gradeint to produce ATP. As the H+ diffuse, they provide the proton motive force needed to bring the ADP + pi closer together to form ATP by chemiosmosis.
ATP is formed.
A high conc of H+ in the matrix will denature the ATP synthase and thus oxygen will react w/ H+ and electrons to form water.

28
Q

why is oxidatve phpsphorylation called oxiidative?

A
  • O2 is the final electron ACCEPTOR and thus ETC cant operate unless O2 is present and respiration that involves the COMPLETE breakdown of glucose is aerobic.
29
Q

how many ATP can NADH make?

A

2.5

30
Q

how many ATP can FADH2 make?

A

1.5

31
Q

how many molecules of ATP are made from ONE GLUCOSE molecule?

A

32.

32
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation and when does it occur?

A
  • phosphorylation of ADP using phosphate groups from compounds that are NOT ATP
33
Q

what type of solution does respiration require?

A

aqueous.

34
Q

how many molecules of ATP does glycolysis prod in TOTAL (incl from NADH)

A

2 + (2x2.5) = 7

35
Q

how many molecules of ATP does link prod in TOTAL (incl from NADH)

A

2 x 2.5 = 5

1 each process, x 2 bc 2 pyruvates

36
Q

how many molecules of ATP does krebs prod in TOTAL (incl from NADH)

A

krebs occurs 2x.
it produces 2 ATP (one each cyle)
it produces 3NADH per cycle thus 6 , 6 x 2.5 = 15
it produces 2FAD (one each cycle) and each FAD is 2 x 1.5 = 3
overall
20

37
Q

what is a respiratory substrate?

A

a molecule that can release energy tp produce ATP in respiration.

38
Q

what processes does anaerobic respiration NOT involve?

A

link reaction
krebs
oxidative phosporylation

39
Q

what are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration? what is the first step of anaerobic respiration ?

A

lactate fermentation
ethanol fermetation
the first step is glycolysis to produce phyruvate which is the starting molecule in both processes

40
Q

describe lactate fermentation? where does it occur?

A
  • occurs in mammals that can produce lactate.

- the oxidation of NADH to NAD reduces pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid)

41
Q

which enzyme is used in lactate fermentation?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

42
Q

what happens to the products of lactate fermentation?

A

NAD is off to be reused in glycolysis

  • our cells can tolerate high levels of lactate (and thus low pH ) for a VV short amount of time, when cells cant get enough ATP from aerobic processes.
  • Oxygen debt is when xs lactate is removed from the blood stream + taken to the liver where its converted to glucose in gluconeogenesis.
43
Q

describe the process of alcoholic fermentation.

A
  • reversible reaction that involves the formation of ethanal and then ethanol
  • pyruvate ———-> ethanal ——–> ethanol.
    during pyruvate to ethanAL, CO2 is removed and ethanAL –> ethanOL , NADH is oxidised + NAD is formed m ready to be reused in glycolysis
44
Q

which enzymes are involved in alcoholic fermentation?

A
  • 1stly , pyruvate decarboxylate

- 2ndly, ethanol dehydrogenase.

45
Q

what happens to the products of alcoholic fermentation?

A

CO2 –> waste product
NAD –> reused in glycolysis,
ethanal –> gains H from NADH to form ethanol

46
Q

why is anaerobic respiration important for the plant cell?

A
  • it can continue to survive and respire in waterlogged conditions where O2 conc is v v low
  • 2ATP still produced by glycolysis
  • met reactions like the calvin cycle can still occur.
47
Q

suggest consequences for liver met if there is a high lactate conc. ?

A
  • liver cells (hepatocytes could die) if lactate builds up.

- low pH will disprupt enzyme action

48
Q

why is the yield of ATP in anaerobic resp lower than aerobic resp?

A

the ONLY ATP producing step in anaerobic respiration is glycolysis which produces a net 2 ATP (bc other 2 reused for glyc)

49
Q

out of the 3 main respiratory substrates,order them in which releases the most energy when respired?

A
  • lipids (39.4kJ g-1)
  • proteins (17.0)
    carbohydrates (15.8
50
Q

why do lipids release the MOST energy when respire?

A

they have the most hydrogen atoms per unit of mass which means that they will produce more ATP in chemiosmosis + thus more energy is released.

51
Q

what is the Respiratory Quotient?

A

the volume of CO2 produced when a substrate is respired divided by the vol of O2 produced over a set period of time

52
Q

what is the RQ value of carbs?

A

1.0

53
Q

what is the respiratory value of lipids?

A

0.7

54
Q

what is the respiratory quotient of proteins?

A

0.9

55
Q

which substrate has the highest RV value?

A

carbs

56
Q

why are the RQ values of proteins and lipids lower than 1?

A
  • more oxygen is required to oxidise them thus bottom number >er top number
57
Q

how does protein enter the respiratory pathway?

A

proteins are hydrolysed into amino acids which are then deaminated to form keto acids which can be coverted to gluc for resp or stored as glyc.
aa can be directly converted to pyruvate by deam and then used in link reaction.
- in starvation aa directly used in krebs.

58
Q

what are the -ves of protein entering the respiratory pathway?

A
  • proteins are used to make enzymes so if they are used for respi –> decrease rate of enzyme conrolled reactions due to lack of enzymes being synthesised.
  • digesting proteins for resp will decrease the muscle mass –> person becomes incredibly THIN!
59
Q

how do lipids enter the respiratory pathway?

A

Triglycerides are hydrolysed to form 3 fatty acids and glycerol
glycerol is converted to pyruvate + enters the link reaction and 3 fatty acids will be converted to 50 molecules of Acetyl CoA by B oxidation —> produces ~500 ATP

60
Q

why is anaerobic respiration important for the cell?

A
  • can still produce 2 ATP molecules by glycolysis
61
Q

what can RQ be used to workout/ find out?

A
  • which respiratory substrate is being used

- if an organism is respiring aerobically or anaerobically.

62
Q

describe how u can investigate aerobic respiration rate with yeast?

A

1 ) put a known vol + conc of substrate of substrate solution into a test tube.
2) add a known volume of buffer solution to keep the pH constant.
3) place the test tube in a water bath set to 25 C, this ensure that the T remains constant throughout the experiment.
4) add a known mass of dried yeast to the test tube + stir for 2 minutes
5) after the yeast has dissolved , put a bung with a tube attached to a gas syringe in the top of the test tube.
6) the gas syringe should be set to ZERO
6) start the stop watch ass soon as the bung has been but in he test tube.,
as yeast respire , CO2 formed will travel up the tube into the gas syringe which is used to measure the vol of CO2 produced.
7) at reg time intervals, record the vol of CO2 that is present in the gas syringe.
8) a control experiment should also be taken with NO yeast –> O co2 is formed
- repeat the experiment 3 times + use data to calculate the mean rate of CO2 productionn

63
Q

describe how you can investigate the anaerobic respiration rate of yeast?

A
  • set up apparatis like previous method
  • after yeast dissolved into substate solution, add some LIQUID PARRAFIN inside the test tube so it trickles on and completely covers the surface of the solution —> will stop oxygen getting in and thus forces the yeast to be respired anaerobically.
  • put a bung on tube attatched to a gas syringe –> set gas syringe to zero
  • perform steps as u do in other method.
64
Q

what are some other variables that can be investigated instead of temperature on (an)aerobic resp rate?

A
  • light intensity
  • respiratory substrate
  • temp
  • substrate conc
65
Q

what does a respirometer measure?

A

the rate of respiration by vol of O2 uptake.

66
Q

suggest a suitable method using a respirometer as well as any other apparatu to investigate the effect of temperature on respiration rate of germinate mung beans.

A
  • the respirometer should be set up in a water bath at one of the temperatures under investigation
  • in of the the tubes being investigated a known mass of germinating mung beans should be placed on to of the gauze.
  • the syringe should be used to adjust the level of fluid in the manometer to a known level.
  • The apparatus should be left for a set period of time (eg 20 minutes) with the tap closed.
  • After this time, the distance moved by the liquid should be measured and used to calculate the vol of oxygen taken up by the mung beads per min.
  • any other variables that could affect the results (ie light intensity, should be KONSTANT)
  • the exp should be repeated at ech of the temperatures under investigation several times + the mean results calculated.
67
Q

discuss the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic respiration.

A
  • pyruvate converted to lactate
  • puruvate accepts H atom from NADH –> lactate , catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase.
  • no O2 to act as final H+ acceptor thus no link nor krebs
  • NAD regenerated as it loses H and is oxidised and thus will take part in glycolysis t produce a small bit of ATP

biology assessmet. (16 decks)

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