cloning + biotech. Flashcards
how do you carry out a plant cutting? (natural cloning)
1) use a scalpel to take a cutting from the end of a stem of the parent plant
2) remove the leaves from the lower end of the stem from the parent plant leaving room for just one leaf tip.
3) dip the lower end of the cutting into the rooting powder.
4) plant your cutting in a pot containing a suitable growth medium.
5) provide cutting with warm moist evi + put in a propagator.
6) when the cutting has formed its OWN ROOTS, and is strong enough, u ca put it elsewhere to continue growing.
what is vegetative cloning?
the production of clones from non reproductive tissues eg the roots, leaves and stems.
how can u propagate new plants using RHIZOMES
- rhizomes are stem structures that grow horizontally UNDERGROUND, they. they have little “Nodes” where shoots form horizontally.
eg Bamboo : )
how do you propagate new plants using runners/stolons
- these are also structures that grow horizontally, but ABOVE SURFACE away from the plant. New shoots can either develop from nodes/buds or they can devel at the end of the runner.
- eg strawberries.
how can u propagate new plants using suckers.
- these are shoots that grown on underdeveloped shoos present on SHALLOW ROOTS of the parent plant.
- eg elm trees
how can u propagate new plants using tubers?
- form when the tip of underground stem is swollen w/ stored starch. the Buds on the storage organ will produce buds.
- eg potato.
how can u propagate new plants using bulbs?
- similar to tubers, where the stem of the leaf swells with stored starch. New bulbs will develop from the parent to form individual plants.
how can u artificially clone a plant using “tissue culture”.
1) a small piece of meristematic tissue is taken from the plant to be cloned (explant)
2) explant dipped in bleach solution + sterile conditions are maintained throughout.
3) explant placed on sterile nutrient growth medium that has hormones.
4) cells divide by mitosis to form a callus.
5) a single callus is removed + placed on a fresh growing medium.
6) the growing plantlets are transferred to a greenhouse to be acclimatised + grown further before being planted outside. .
what is tissue culture?
- technique used in micropropagation used to grow cells, tissues + organs from a sample of totipotent cells. .
when is tissue culture used?
- to clone plants that dont readily reproduce or are endangered or rare.
- to grow genetically engineered plant cells.
- horticulture to produce lots of cloned plants v v quickly.
what are the arguments for artificial plant cloning?
+ allow plants to be reproduced in any season because the envi is controlled.
+ provide a way of producing lots of seedless + sterile plants.
+ prov a way fopr producing naturally infertile plants that would otherwise be diff to grow from the seed.
+ provide a way of reliably increasing no of rare endangered plants.
what are the arguments against artificial plant cloning?
- monoculture due to little genetic diversity -> thus susceptibel to the same diseases or changes in the growing conditions.
- expensive process that requries LOTS of skilled workers.
- if parent plant has genetic condition or a virus, that will be passed onto the offspring aswell.
what are the 2 methods that animals can be cloned artificially?
- artificial twinning.
- somatic cell nuclear transfer.
describe how u would carry out artificial embryo twinning to produce artificial animal clones.
this is basically when u have ONE embryo and then split into lots of other ones.
1) a cow with desirable traits is given hormones so that she super ovulates
2) the egges are fertilised by artificial inem or by bull w/ good traits.
t30 the early embryo is gently flushed out of the uterus.
4) TOTIpotnet cells split to form several new embryo
5) the embro are left to grow in a lab for a few more days before being IMPLATED into a surrogate mother.
5) the embryo will develope into the foetus + will be born normally via surrogate mother.
all the offspring are “twins”.
describe how you would form artificial clones using somatic cell nuclear transfer.
1) from animal A, remove the nucleus of a somatic cell + store it.
2) from animal B, remove the nucleus of the egg cell, creating an enucleated egg cell.
3) use elctrofusion to fuse the nucleus of A into the cell of B. The cell should have genetic information of animal A + mt DNA of B.
4) the cells will then divid by mitosis to form an embryo.
5) the embryo that devlopes is placed into the uterus of a 3rd animal whe n it developes and will eventually be born
6) the cloned animal is a clone of animal A however the mt DA is the same as that of Animal B.
