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PGY 300 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

sources of energy for muscle contraction

A
  • ATP-phosphocreatine system
  • glycolysis
  • oxidative phosphorylation
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2
Q

fick’s law

A

J = -D (delta C/ delta x)

diffusion is poor over long distances

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3
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

diaphragm
external intercostals during exercise
sternocleidomastoids and scalenes forced inspiration

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4
Q

muscles of expiration

A

passive unless forced expiration

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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5
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A
  • thin, squashed

- gas can easily diffuse

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6
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A
  • smaller, thicker

- synthesize and secrete surfactant

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7
Q

COPD

A
  • chronic bronchitis: inflamed airways
  • emphysema: loss of elastic fibers
  • smoking is major cause
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8
Q

branching of airways

A

increase # branches
increase total area
decrease air flow velocity

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9
Q

black lung disease

A

coal dust is inhaled and gets stuck in area where velocity of air flow is not strong enough to drag particles along

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10
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
  • genetic disease
  • poor chloride transport in epithelial cells
  • lacks ability to open CFTR channel
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11
Q

daltons law

A

P total = PH2 + PO2 + PCO2 + PH2O

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12
Q

henrys law

A

C = Hcp X Pgas

How much of a gas will end up in aqueous phase

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13
Q

ideal gas law

A

PV= nRT

P is inversely proportional to volume

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14
Q

boyles law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

decrease in volume = increase in pressure

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15
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

low pressure and low resistance

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16
Q

pulmonary BP

A

25/20 mmHg

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17
Q

systemic BP

A

120/80 mmHg

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18
Q

congestive heart failure

A
  • poor LV function
  • blood pools in pulmonary circulation
  • increased pulmonary pressure
  • pulmonary edema
  • shortness of breath and blood in phlegm
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19
Q

spirometer

A

measure tidal volume

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20
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air that is not completely exhaled

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21
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

forced air out

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22
Q

tidal volume

A

quiet, restful breathing

500 mL

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23
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

deepest possible breath

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24
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

Vt + IRV

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25
vital capacity
Vt + IRV + ERV
26
total lung capacity
Vt + IRV + ERV + RV
27
functional residual capacity
ERV + RV
28
inhalation
diaphragm contracts and moves down volume increases ribs rotate up
29
exhalation
diaphragm relaxes and moves up volume decreases ribs rotate down
30
pleural effusion
excess fluid build up in intrapleural space
31
penumothorax
causes lung to collapse
32
anatomic dead space
150 mL | decreases the efficiency of the lungs
33
total pulmonary ventilation
ventilation rate * Vt | 6 L/min
34
alveolar ventilation
ventilation rate * ( Vt - dead space) | 4.2 L/min
35
respiratory rate
12-20 breaths/min
36
eupnea
normal quiet breathing
37
hypernea
increased respiratory rate/volume in response to increased metabolism ex) exercise
38
hyperventilation
increased respiratory rate/volume without increased metabolism ex) emotional hyperventilation, blowing up a balloon increased PO2 decreased PCO2
39
hypoventilation
decreased alveolar ventilation ex) shallow breathing, asthma decreased PO2 increased PCO2
40
tachypnea
rapid breathing, increase resp. rate, decreased depth | ex) panting
41
dyspnea
difficulty breathing | ex) hard exercise and various pathologies
42
apnea
cessation of breathing | ex) holding breath
43
alveolar ventilation and blood flow
decrease in PO2 constricts pulmonary arteries | increase in PCO2 bronchodilation
44
hypoxic hypoxia
low arterial PO2
45
anemic hypoxia
decreased total amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin
46
ischemic hypoxia
reduced blood flow
47
histotoxic hypoxia
failure of cells to use O2 because cells have been poisoned
48
ficks law
gas diffusion is proportional to SA/membrane thickness * barrier permeability * (P1-P2)
49
emphysema
less SA available for gas exchange
50
fibrotic lung disease
thickened membrane slows diffusion
51
pulmonary edema
increase diffusion distance
52
asthma
increased airway resistance, small pressure gradient
53
arterial blood values
PO2- 95 mmHg | PCO2- 40 mmHg
54
venous blood vaues
PO2- 40 mmHg | PCO2- 46 mmHg
55
compliance
ability of lung to stretch
56
elastance
ability to return to normal shape
57
high compliance (obstructive) disorders
- emphysema - reduced elastic tissue - low elastance
58
low compliance (restrictive) disorders
- fibrotic lung disease (inelastic scar tissue) | - respiratory distress syndrome (lacks surfactant)
59
law of LaPlace
P = 2T/r | smaller bubble = higher pressure
60
surfactant
reduces surface tension | lipoprotein secreted by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells
61
poiseuiles Law
airway diameter determines airway resistance | R = L*viscosity / r^4
62
Fe2+
ferrous state
63
Fe3+
methemoglobin, ferric state (does not bind oxygen)
64
fetal Hb
2 alpha and 2 gamma chains | has higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb
65
bohr effect
more acidic (lower pH) has lower affinity
66
2-3,DPG
added 2-3,DPG has lower affinity
67
temperature
increased temperature has lower affinity
68
PCO2 and Hb
increased PCO2 in tissues, lower affinity
69
peripheral chemoreceptors
plasma in aortic and carotid bodies | glomus cells- activated by decreased PO2 /pH or increased PCO2
70
central chemoreceptors
respond to CO2 in CSF on ventral surface of medulla - alter H+ - protons can't cross blood brain barrier, h+ activate chemoreceptor
71
irritant reflex
located in bronchus parasympathetic control bronchoconstriction
72
hering-breuer inflation reflex
stretch receptor in lung limit Vt and terminate inspiration prevent over-inflation

PGY 300 (5 decks)

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