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PGY 300 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

sources of energy for muscle contraction

A
  • ATP-phosphocreatine system
  • glycolysis
  • oxidative phosphorylation
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2
Q

fick’s law

A

J = -D (delta C/ delta x)

diffusion is poor over long distances

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3
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

diaphragm
external intercostals during exercise
sternocleidomastoids and scalenes forced inspiration

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4
Q

muscles of expiration

A

passive unless forced expiration

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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5
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A
  • thin, squashed

- gas can easily diffuse

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6
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A
  • smaller, thicker

- synthesize and secrete surfactant

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7
Q

COPD

A
  • chronic bronchitis: inflamed airways
  • emphysema: loss of elastic fibers
  • smoking is major cause
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8
Q

branching of airways

A

increase # branches
increase total area
decrease air flow velocity

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9
Q

black lung disease

A

coal dust is inhaled and gets stuck in area where velocity of air flow is not strong enough to drag particles along

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10
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
  • genetic disease
  • poor chloride transport in epithelial cells
  • lacks ability to open CFTR channel
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11
Q

daltons law

A

P total = PH2 + PO2 + PCO2 + PH2O

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12
Q

henrys law

A

C = Hcp X Pgas

How much of a gas will end up in aqueous phase

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13
Q

ideal gas law

A

PV= nRT

P is inversely proportional to volume

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14
Q

boyles law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

decrease in volume = increase in pressure

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15
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

low pressure and low resistance

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16
Q

pulmonary BP

A

25/20 mmHg

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17
Q

systemic BP

A

120/80 mmHg

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18
Q

congestive heart failure

A
  • poor LV function
  • blood pools in pulmonary circulation
  • increased pulmonary pressure
  • pulmonary edema
  • shortness of breath and blood in phlegm
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19
Q

spirometer

A

measure tidal volume

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20
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air that is not completely exhaled

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21
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

forced air out

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22
Q

tidal volume

A

quiet, restful breathing

500 mL

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23
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

deepest possible breath

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24
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

Vt + IRV

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25
Q

vital capacity

A

Vt + IRV + ERV

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26
Q

total lung capacity

A

Vt + IRV + ERV + RV

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27
Q

functional residual capacity

A

ERV + RV

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28
Q

inhalation

A

diaphragm contracts and moves down
volume increases
ribs rotate up

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29
Q

exhalation

A

diaphragm relaxes and moves up
volume decreases
ribs rotate down

30
Q

pleural effusion

A

excess fluid build up in intrapleural space

31
Q

penumothorax

A

causes lung to collapse

32
Q

anatomic dead space

A

150 mL

decreases the efficiency of the lungs

33
Q

total pulmonary ventilation

A

ventilation rate * Vt

6 L/min

34
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

ventilation rate * ( Vt - dead space)

4.2 L/min

35
Q

respiratory rate

A

12-20 breaths/min

36
Q

eupnea

A

normal quiet breathing

37
Q

hypernea

A

increased respiratory rate/volume in response to increased metabolism
ex) exercise

38
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased respiratory rate/volume without increased metabolism
ex) emotional hyperventilation, blowing up a balloon
increased PO2
decreased PCO2

39
Q

hypoventilation

A

decreased alveolar ventilation
ex) shallow breathing, asthma
decreased PO2
increased PCO2

40
Q

tachypnea

A

rapid breathing, increase resp. rate, decreased depth

ex) panting

41
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

ex) hard exercise and various pathologies

42
Q

apnea

A

cessation of breathing

ex) holding breath

43
Q

alveolar ventilation and blood flow

A

decrease in PO2 constricts pulmonary arteries

increase in PCO2 bronchodilation

44
Q

hypoxic hypoxia

A

low arterial PO2

45
Q

anemic hypoxia

A

decreased total amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin

46
Q

ischemic hypoxia

A

reduced blood flow

47
Q

histotoxic hypoxia

A

failure of cells to use O2 because cells have been poisoned

48
Q

ficks law

A

gas diffusion is proportional to SA/membrane thickness * barrier permeability * (P1-P2)

49
Q

emphysema

A

less SA available for gas exchange

50
Q

fibrotic lung disease

A

thickened membrane slows diffusion

51
Q

pulmonary edema

A

increase diffusion distance

52
Q

asthma

A

increased airway resistance, small pressure gradient

53
Q

arterial blood values

A

PO2- 95 mmHg

PCO2- 40 mmHg

54
Q

venous blood vaues

A

PO2- 40 mmHg

PCO2- 46 mmHg

55
Q

compliance

A

ability of lung to stretch

56
Q

elastance

A

ability to return to normal shape

57
Q

high compliance (obstructive) disorders

A
  • emphysema
  • reduced elastic tissue
  • low elastance
58
Q

low compliance (restrictive) disorders

A
  • fibrotic lung disease (inelastic scar tissue)

- respiratory distress syndrome (lacks surfactant)

59
Q

law of LaPlace

A

P = 2T/r

smaller bubble = higher pressure

60
Q

surfactant

A

reduces surface tension

lipoprotein secreted by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells

61
Q

poiseuiles Law

A

airway diameter determines airway resistance

R = L*viscosity / r^4

62
Q

Fe2+

A

ferrous state

63
Q

Fe3+

A

methemoglobin, ferric state (does not bind oxygen)

64
Q

fetal Hb

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains

has higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb

65
Q

bohr effect

A

more acidic (lower pH) has lower affinity

66
Q

2-3,DPG

A

added 2-3,DPG has lower affinity

67
Q

temperature

A

increased temperature has lower affinity

68
Q

PCO2 and Hb

A

increased PCO2 in tissues, lower affinity

69
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

plasma in aortic and carotid bodies

glomus cells- activated by decreased PO2 /pH or increased PCO2

70
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

respond to CO2 in CSF on ventral surface of medulla

  • alter H+
  • protons can’t cross blood brain barrier, h+ activate chemoreceptor
71
Q

irritant reflex

A

located in bronchus
parasympathetic control
bronchoconstriction

72
Q

hering-breuer inflation reflex

A

stretch receptor in lung
limit Vt and terminate inspiration
prevent over-inflation

PGY 300 (5 decks)

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