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PGY 300 > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

dorsal root

A

carries sensory (afferent) information to CNS

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2
Q

ventral root

A

carriers motor (efferent) information to muscles and glands

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3
Q

gray matter

A

consists of motor and sensory nuclei

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4
Q

white matter

A

consists of axons carrying information to and from the brain

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5
Q

ascending tracts

A

carry sensory info to the brain

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6
Q

descending tracts

A

carry commands to motor neurons

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7
Q

interneuron

A

found only in the CNS (spinal cord)

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8
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • produced by the choroid plexus

- provides buoyancy, nutrients, waste removal, cushioning

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9
Q

hydrocephalus

A

elevated CSF, puts pressure on the brain

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10
Q

blood brain barrier

A

prevent things from getting in the brain

-astrocytes help form this

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11
Q

cerebrum

A

blanket covering the brain

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12
Q

cerbellum

A

regulates motor activity and contains half of all neurons in the brain

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13
Q

pons

A

regulates sleep and breathing, relays motor signals between cerebrum and cerebellum (if damaged, will see paralysis)

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14
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls cardiovascular activity and respiration

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15
Q

wernicke’s area

A

sensory info: can hear, but not make sense

-if damaged will see fluent word use with little meaning

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16
Q

broca’s area

A

motor info: can make sense, but not respond well

-if damaged will see telegraphic speech

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17
Q

corpus callosum

A

communication between two hemispheres

  • left: mathematic
  • right: spacial/artistic
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18
Q

basal ganglia

A

action selection by disinhibition

  • “prevented until needed”
  • linked to OCD, Tourette’s, Parkinson’s
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19
Q

hippocampus

A

involved in memory and learning (short to long term)

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20
Q

amygdala

A

involved in memory and emotion (memories with strong emotional content)

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21
Q

thalamus

A

relay and integrate sensory and motor information

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22
Q

pineal gland

A

secrete melatonin (circadian rhythm)

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23
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostasis

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24
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

-injury may result in amnesia

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25
Q

MRI

A

imaging of magnetic fields around water

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26
Q

PET

A

injection of a short half-life radioactive ligand to measure activity in the brain

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27
Q

EEG

A

used in sleep therapy and to localize seizure activity as in epilepsy

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28
Q

glial cells PNS

A

schwann cells form myelin sheath

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29
Q

glial cells CNS

A

oligodendrocytes form myelin sheath

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30
Q

capacitance

A

number of ions needed to change membrane voltage

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31
Q

conductance

A

ease of moving ions across membrane

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32
Q

potential of a neuron

A
  • depolarize when sodium enters cell

- hyperpolarize when potassium exits and when chloride enters

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33
Q

Na-K Pump

A

concentrates potassium inside cell and depletes sodium inside

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34
Q

Na+ equilibrium potential

A

+60 mV

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35
Q

K+ equilibrium potential

A

-90 mV

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36
Q

Nernst equation

A

how will an ion try to drive a cell

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37
Q

open channels

A

“door” create water filled pore

  • faster
  • move with gradient (diffusion)
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38
Q

carriers

A

“revolving door” never form an open channel between two sides of the membrane

  • slower
  • do not have an equilibrium potential and do not use diffusion
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39
Q

primary active transport

A

energy dependent (ATP)

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40
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses concentration gradient for energy

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41
Q

channel properties

A

selectivity
conductivity
gating: voltage, ligand, mechanical

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42
Q

voltage gated sodium channels

A

4 domains with peptide crossing membrane 6 times

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43
Q

S4

A

forms voltage sensor

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44
Q

S5 and S6

A

form activation gate

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45
Q

P loop

A

ion selectivity

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46
Q

third cytoplasmic loop

A

forms inactivation gate

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47
Q

acetycholine receptor

A

-ligand gated

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48
Q

ionotropic glutamate receptors

A
  • four subunits
  • each subunit crosses membrane 3 times
    ex) AMPA, NMDA, Kainate
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49
Q

excitatory ionotropic receptors

A

Ach and glutamate (Na and K)

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50
Q

inhibitory ionotropic receptors

A

GABA and glycine (Cl)

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51
Q

graded potential

A
  • slow, analog, variable amplitude, usually produced at synapse
  • get smaller with distance (can’t send info over long distances)
  • can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
  • signals can sum
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52
Q

action potential

A
  • fast, short duration, fixed size, digital signals
  • can only be depolarizng
  • all or none
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53
Q

where is the action potential initiated?

A

trigger zone

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54
Q

action potentials are produced by graded potentials

A

at the trigger zone, graded potentials must be at least threshold voltage to evoke and AP

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55
Q

what determines the frequency of an AP?

A

the size of the graded potential

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56
Q

what determines size of graded potential?

A

strength of the stimulus

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57
Q

sodium current is regenerative

A

positive feedback mechanism, chain reaction

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58
Q

absolute refractory period

A

determined by Na channel inactivation

-cannot produce another AP

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59
Q

relative refractory period

A

determined by potassium channel after hyperpolarization

-stronger 2nd stimulus could produce another AP

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60
Q

miniaturization

A

myelin used to speed up conduction

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61
Q

saltatory conduction

A

“jumping” from one node to the next

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62
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disease causes loss of myelin and slows conduction

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63
Q

hypokalemia

A

increased blood K+ conc. brings membrane closer to threshold

64
Q

hyperkalemia

A

decreased blood K+ conc. hyperpolarizes membrane and makes neuron less likely to fire and AP in response to a stimulus that would normally be above threshold

65
Q

chemical synapse

A
  • depolarization
  • calcium channels open and calcium enters
  • neurotransmitter travels across synaptic cleft
  • binds with receptors on postsynaptic cleft
66
Q

SNARE proteins

A

attach the vesicle to the presynaptic membrane

67
Q

Botulinum toxins

A

interfere with SNARE proteins and prevent ACh vesicle fusion

68
Q

tetanus toxins

A

disrupts other SNARE proteins to prevent fusion of glycine vesicles

69
Q

synaptotagmin

A

binds calcium and stimulates vesicle fusion

70
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

enzyme that deactivates ACh

71
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors and 7-transmembrane receptors

  • activate G-proteins inside cell
  • can stimulate production of second messengers, enzymes and molecules
  • can be amplified
  • are slower than ionotropic
72
Q

cAMP

A

adenylyl cyclase an amplification enzyme, converts ATP to cAMP to activate protein kinase A, which phosphorylates other proteins to lead to a cellular response

73
Q

glycine

A

major inhibitory transmitter in spinal cord

74
Q

glutatmate

A

major excitatory transmitter in brain

75
Q

IP3

A

second messenger that releases internal calcium stores

76
Q

divergent pathway

A

one presynaptic neuron branches to affect a large number of postsynaptic nuerons

77
Q

convergent pathway

A

many presynaptic neurons converge to influence a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons
(ex. rods in eye)

78
Q

postsynaptic summation

A

multiple small graded potentials arrive at trigger zone together and sum to make an AP

79
Q

temporal summation

A

quick second stimulation to sum two subthreshold potentials together to make an AP

80
Q

spatial summation

A

two or more presynaptic inputs are active at same time and add together

81
Q

summation can be negative

A

if there are more inhibitory neurons that fire than excitatory

82
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

hyperpolarize of suppress calcium channels at the synapse (no neurotransmitter release)

83
Q

paired pulse facilitation

A

(presynaptic facilitation) Increased transmitter release during second pulse due to accumulated, residual calcium in the presynaptic terminal. Short term effect in response to rapid stimulation

84
Q

NMDA receptor

A

unusual glutamate receptor

  • permeable to Na, K, Cl
  • Mg can plug the pore (very voltage dependent)
85
Q

AMPA

A

glutamate receptor that works with NMDA

  • fast brief depolarization by AMPA
  • slower prolonged depolarization by NMDA
  • much longer and stronger effect when paired
86
Q

long term potentiation

A

High frequency stimulation of the presynaptic neuron causes strong activation of postsynaptic AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors

87
Q

long term depression

A

Low frequency stimulation produces only a small rise in internal calcium in the postsynaptic cell.

88
Q

small receptive fields

A

produce high resolution

89
Q

convergence increases

A

receptive field sensitivity but reduces resolution

90
Q

lateral inhibition

A

enhances perception of stimulus (improves resolution)

91
Q

phasic sensory receptor

A

rapidly adapt to constant stimulus and turn off. the fire once more when stimulus turns off. (event detector)

92
Q

tonic sensory receptor

A

slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus (encode intensity and duration)

93
Q

olfaction

A
  • metabotropic pathway
    1) odorant stimulates a membrane receptor
    2) G protein (Golf) stimulated
    3) stimulates adenylyl cyclase which produces cAMP
    4) opens cationic excitatory channel
    5) Ca opens an excitatory Cl channel
94
Q

fovea

A

region of sharpest vision

  • light strikes the photoreceptors here
  • no rods, only cones
  • highest spatial resolution
95
Q

rhodopsin in photoreceptors

A

G-protein coupled receptor found in membranes of the outer segment of photoreceptors

96
Q

phototransduction

A

1) light activates rhodopsin
2) rhodopsin stimulates PDE to break down cGMP
3) sodium channels begin to close and photoreceptor hyperpolarizes
4) less glutamate released

97
Q

taste receptors that are GPCRs

A

sweet, bitter, umami

  • increase IP3 and internal Ca
  • activate TPR channels which allow Na influx
  • activation of voltage-gated Ca channels and transmitter release
98
Q

taste receptors that activate membrane channels

A

sour and salt

-sensitive to large changes in concentration

99
Q

gustducin

A

activates g protein in sweet, bitter, umami taste buds

100
Q

salt

A
  • codes for high sodium

- na entering sodium channel

101
Q

sour

A
  • codes for spoiled food

- protons entering channel or blocking potassium channels, may directly activate a TRP channel

102
Q

bitter

A

codes for poison

103
Q

umami

A

codes for protein

104
Q

sweet

A

codes for carbohydrate energy source

105
Q

hair cells

A

-Movement of cilia in one direction adds tension
to the protein bridge, increasing the open time of the channel
-Movement in the opposite direction reduces the tension and reduces the open time of the mechanical channel.

106
Q

location of hair cells

A

distal end- low frequency vibrations

proximal- high frequency

107
Q

adaption in hair cells

A

calcium stimulates the movement of protein bridge attachments down along the cilia

108
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

Sympathetic nerves travel between these

109
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

nerves that supply GI tract

110
Q

sympathetic nurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine (pre) and norepinephrine (post)

fight or flight

111
Q

parasympathetic neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine (pre and post)

rest and digest

112
Q

adrenal gland

A

acts like sympathetic system under stress (postganglion)

113
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

ionotropic receptors

114
Q

postganglionic neurons

A

metabotropic receptors

115
Q

what nerves stimulate sweat glands?

A

sympathetic

116
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

regulated contraction by controlling level of muscle excitation (inhibit motor neuron, not the muscle)

117
Q

enteric system

A
  • controls circular and longitudinal muscles
  • ACh is excitatory
  • NO is inhibitory
118
Q

sympathetic role in GI

A

minimal, slow motility and decrease secretion

119
Q

parasympathetic role in GI

A

dominant (the vagus nerve), and activates nicotinic receptors.

120
Q

esophageal peristalsis

A

contraction- ACh released from ENS
relaxation- NO releases from myenteric ENS
relaxation of lower sphincter- NO

121
Q

achlasia

A

failure to relax lower esophageal sphincter

122
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • striated
  • voluntary (somatic motor neuron)
  • all or none
  • fastest contraction
123
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • striated
  • involuntary
  • graded potential
  • slightly slower than skeletal contraction
124
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • smooth
  • involuntary
  • graded potential
  • slow contraction
125
Q

motor unit

A

number of muscle fibers innervated by one motor neuron

126
Q

innervation ratio

A

number of muscle fibers per motor neuron

low ratio = fine control

127
Q

motor pool

A

all the motor neurons that supply one muscle

128
Q

small motor unit size

A

activates slow red muscles

  • first to be activated
  • last to stop contracting
  • show less fatigue
129
Q

large motor unit size

A

activates fast white muscles

130
Q

sarcomere

A

the functional contractile unit in a muscle cell

-calcium and ATP required

131
Q

actin

A

thin filament

132
Q

myosin

A

thick filament

-has a head group that flips towards M line to pull actin

133
Q

troponin

A

binds to intracellular calcium to initiate contraction

-moves tropomyosin to allow myosin to bind

134
Q

tropomyosin

A

can lie on top of actin and blocks myosin head group to prevent the contraction

135
Q

T tubule

A

brings action potentials into interior of muscle fiber

136
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores calcium

137
Q

power stroke

A

cause movement of actin towards center line

138
Q

endplate potential

A

ACh produces a large depolarization of the motor end plate

139
Q

relaxation of muscle contraction

A

slow twitch, tonic muscles pump calcium more slowly back into SR

140
Q

unfused tetanus

A

stimuli are far enough apart to allow muscle to relax slightly between stimuli

141
Q

complete tetanus

A

muscle reaches steady tension

142
Q

muscle spindle reflex

A

the addition of a load stretches the muscle and the spindles creating a reflex contraction

143
Q

low muscle tone

A

flaccidity, hypotonia

-down syndrome

144
Q

high muscle tone

A

rigidity, hypertonia

-cerebral palsy

145
Q

decerebrate rigidity

A

transection at midbrain resulting in increased tone in extensors of all 4 limbs

146
Q

decorticate rigidity

A

local lesions of motor cortex, effects contralateral side of body
-increased tone in extensors on contralateral side of stroke

147
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

detects muscle tension

148
Q

nuclear bag intrafusal fibers

A

relay movement and length information

149
Q

nuclear chain intrafusal fibers

A

relay length information

150
Q

alpha motor neurons

A

contract the muscle spindle

151
Q

monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

involves only 2 neurons: sensory neuron from spindle and somatic motor neuron to muscle
ex) patellar reflex

152
Q

polysynaptic reflex pathways

A

cause an arm/leg to be pulled away from a noxious stimulus

153
Q

flexion reflexes

A

pull limbs away from painful stimuli

154
Q

renshaw cell

A

inhibitory neuron in spinal cord

  • stimulated by a motor neuron and feeds back to inhibit that same motor neuron
  • excited by ACh and release glycine
155
Q

strychnine

A
  • inhibits glycine receptors

- leads to increased motor activity and tetanic contractions

156
Q

clostridium tetani

A
  • toxin inhibits glycine release from renshaw cells

- leads to tetanic contractions

PGY 300 (5 decks)

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