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PGY 300 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

accessory glands/organs

A

sublingual glands, mandibular gland, parotid gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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2
Q

only sphincters with skeletal muscls

A

external esophageal and external anal

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3
Q

transporting epithelium

A

tight junctions, surface area increased by microvilli

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4
Q

protective epithelium

A

strongly connected by demosomes, not torn by friction

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5
Q

secretory epithelium

A

exocrine glands like the pancreas secrete granules or liquid droplets

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6
Q

desmosomes

A

act like spot welds, keratin filaments connect them

formed by glycoproteins and cadherin proteins

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7
Q

apical side

A

faces the lumen, contain microvilli

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8
Q

basolateral side

A

the bottom and faces the internal environment of the cell

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9
Q

tight junctions are formed by

A

occludin and claudin proteins

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10
Q

lamina propria

A

layer of CT part of the mucosa, contains lymph vessels, and branches of arteries and veins

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11
Q

stomach anatomy

A

fundus, body, antrum
rugae
unique oblique muscle layer

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12
Q

small intestine anatomy

A

contains villi (folding of the mucosa)
plica (folding of submucosa)
small invaginations called crypts
peyer’s patches

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13
Q

peyer’s patches

A

cluster of immune cells (immune sensors of the body)

mainly found in ileum

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14
Q

large intestine anatomy

A

lacks villi
no complete longitudinal layer- reduced to tenia coli
haustra- accommodate feces bulging out

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15
Q

M cells

A

specialized epithelium that displace enterocytes and are associated with peyer’s patches

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16
Q

oral phase

A

release saliva and mix to create bolus

swallowing reflex

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17
Q

pharyngeal phase

A

vocal cords fold across glottis to shut it
upper esophageal sphincter opens
food propelled into esophagus

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18
Q

slow waves per minute

A

stomach- 3
duodenum- 12
ileum- 8

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19
Q

acetylcholine

A

depolarizes the membrane and when combined with a slow wave will produce and action potential/contraction

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20
Q

interstitial cells of cajal (ICC)

A

where slow waves originate

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21
Q

gap junctions

A

formed by connexons

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22
Q

mechanism of smooth muscle contraction

A
  1. influx of calcium
  2. calcium binds to calmodulin
  3. ca-calmodulin binds and activates MLCK
  4. MLCK activates myosin and initiates power stroke
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23
Q

gastric waves

A

antrum has strongest contractions

also more gap junctions in antrum

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24
Q

migrating motor complex

A

occurs after a meal and pyloric sphincter is relaxed to completely empty the stomach

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25
Q

defecation

A

long reflex to cephalic brain
short reflex to internal anal sphincter to relax
external anal sphincter under voluntary control, if must “hold it” we have reverse peristalsis in the rectum

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26
Q

salivary secretion

A

completely under neuronal control

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27
Q

pancreas

A

endocrine- release insulin and glucagon

exocrine- secretes enzymes and bicarbonate

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28
Q

islets of langerhans

A

cells that secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream

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29
Q

acinar cells

A

secrete digestive enzymes

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30
Q

alpha-amylase

A

digests carbohydrates

31
Q

components of gastric juice

A

HCl, pepsinogen, gastric lipase, intrinsic factor, mucus, bicarbonate

32
Q

parietal cells

A

release HCl to activate pepsin and intrinsic factor to permit b12 absorption
stimulus for release: Ach and histamine

33
Q

ECL cells

A

release histamine
stimulates gastric acid secretion
stimulus for release: ach and gastrin

34
Q

chief cells

A 
release pepsin(ogen) to digest proteins and gastric lipase to digest fats
stimulus for release: Ach and acid secretion
35
Q

D cells

A

release somatostatin
inhibits gastric acid secretion
stimulus for release: acid in the stomach

36
Q

G cells

A

release gastrin
stimulates gastric acid secretion
stimulus for release: Ach, peptides, AAs

37
Q

alkaline tide

A

after a meal, HCO3- is absorbed into the blood

-release of bicarbonate by parietal cells on their basolateral side

38
Q

zymogens

A

inactive precursors

trypsinogen, chymotrypsiongen, procarboxypeptidase A and B, proteolase, procolipase

39
Q

active form of secreted enzymes

A

alpha-amylase, lipase, carboxyl ester lipase, DNase

40
Q

secretion in the small intestine

A

water, ions, mucus, hormones

41
Q

secretion in the large intestine

A

only alkaline mucus

42
Q

long reflexes

A

integrated in the CNS

43
Q

short reflexes

A

integrated in the enteric nervous system

44
Q

vagus nerve

A

esophagus to transverse colon

45
Q

pelvic nerve

A

descending colon to anus

46
Q

peristalsis

A

under control of ENS

47
Q

vomiting

A

under control of the CNS

triggered by mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, or other higher centers

48
Q

defecation

A

under control of CNS and ENS

49
Q

gastrin

A

target: ECL and parietal cells
stimulus: peptides and AAs
effect: gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth

50
Q

CCK

A

target: gallbladder, pancreas, stomach
stimulus: fatty acids
effect: gallbladder contraction, pancreas secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

51
Q

secretin

A

target: pancreas and stomach
stimulus: acid in small intestine
effect: bicarbonate secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

52
Q

motilin

A

target: gastric and intestinal smooth muscle
stimulus: fasting
effect: stimulates migrating motor complex
inhibited by eating a meal

53
Q

amylase and dissacharides

A

digest carbs

54
Q

proteases

A

digest proteins

55
Q

lipases

A

digest fats

56
Q

hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a chemical bond by the addition of water

57
Q

digestion of carbs

A

alpha-amylase (lumenal)

maltase, sucrase, lactase (brush border)

58
Q

absorption of carbs

A

glucose and galactose by secondary active transport

fructose through facilitated diffusion

59
Q

digestion of proteins

A

occurs in stomach and small intestine

endopeptidases and exopeptidases

60
Q

absorption of proteins

A

must be absorbed as single nutrients
AA absorbed through secondary active transport (cotransport with Na+)
peptides absorbed through active transport (trancytosis)

61
Q

digestion of fats

A

bile salts coat liquid droplets, lipase starts digesting triglycerides, micelles form, cholesterol transported into the cell, absorbed fats and proteins form chylomicrons, chylomicrons removed by lymphatics, bile salts are recycled

62
Q

absorption of fats

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids leave micelles and enter cell by diffusion
cholesterol is actively transported into the cell, packaged into chylomicron and removed by lymphatics

63
Q

vitamin b12

A

absorbed mainly in terminal ileum

64
Q

calcium

A

only absorbed through paracellular pathway following a concentration gradient in ileum and jejnum

65
Q

iron

A

best absorbed as heme iron from a specialized transporter

also ionized from plant products through a cotransporter with hydrogen on DMT-1

66
Q

cephalic phase

A

in oral cavity increased salivary secretions

only secretion of gastric acid and intrinsic factor

67
Q

borborygmus

A

stomach growling

68
Q

gastric phase

A

distension of stomach, then antrum, stimulate parietal cells

in intestine we see stimulation and inhibition (protein stimulates, fat acid hypertonicity inhibut)

69
Q

CCK in digestion

A

if we have fat in the small intestine, CCK is released and binds to the sphincter of oddi so it relaxes. also goes to gallbladder to relax it and release bile

70
Q

osmotic diarrhea

A

a lot of molecules in the lumen create an osmotic gradient so water follows and there is influx in lumen
ex) lactase deficiency, ingestion of diet products, rotavirus and norovirus

71
Q

secretory diarrhea

A

achieved by messing with CFTR channel so there is too much Cl in lumen and water follows
ex) cholera

72
Q

fast motility causing diarrhea

A

usually in response to toxin or pathogen so quickly want to rid from intestine and not absorb

73
Q

how to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea

A

cannot just give water, give glucose to create an osmotic gradient

PGY 300 (5 decks)

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