Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PGY 300 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

accessory glands/organs

A

sublingual glands, mandibular gland, parotid gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

only sphincters with skeletal muscls

A

external esophageal and external anal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

transporting epithelium

A

tight junctions, surface area increased by microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

protective epithelium

A

strongly connected by demosomes, not torn by friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

secretory epithelium

A

exocrine glands like the pancreas secrete granules or liquid droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

desmosomes

A

act like spot welds, keratin filaments connect them

formed by glycoproteins and cadherin proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

apical side

A

faces the lumen, contain microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

basolateral side

A

the bottom and faces the internal environment of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tight junctions are formed by

A

occludin and claudin proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lamina propria

A

layer of CT part of the mucosa, contains lymph vessels, and branches of arteries and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stomach anatomy

A

fundus, body, antrum
rugae
unique oblique muscle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

small intestine anatomy

A

contains villi (folding of the mucosa)
plica (folding of submucosa)
small invaginations called crypts
peyer’s patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

peyer’s patches

A

cluster of immune cells (immune sensors of the body)

mainly found in ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

large intestine anatomy

A

lacks villi
no complete longitudinal layer- reduced to tenia coli
haustra- accommodate feces bulging out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

M cells

A

specialized epithelium that displace enterocytes and are associated with peyer’s patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

oral phase

A

release saliva and mix to create bolus

swallowing reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pharyngeal phase

A

vocal cords fold across glottis to shut it
upper esophageal sphincter opens
food propelled into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

slow waves per minute

A

stomach- 3
duodenum- 12
ileum- 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

acetylcholine

A

depolarizes the membrane and when combined with a slow wave will produce and action potential/contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

interstitial cells of cajal (ICC)

A

where slow waves originate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

gap junctions

A

formed by connexons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mechanism of smooth muscle contraction

A
  1. influx of calcium
  2. calcium binds to calmodulin
  3. ca-calmodulin binds and activates MLCK
  4. MLCK activates myosin and initiates power stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

gastric waves

A

antrum has strongest contractions

also more gap junctions in antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

migrating motor complex

A

occurs after a meal and pyloric sphincter is relaxed to completely empty the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
defecation
long reflex to cephalic brain short reflex to internal anal sphincter to relax external anal sphincter under voluntary control, if must "hold it" we have reverse peristalsis in the rectum
26
salivary secretion
completely under neuronal control
27
pancreas
endocrine- release insulin and glucagon | exocrine- secretes enzymes and bicarbonate
28
islets of langerhans
cells that secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
29
acinar cells
secrete digestive enzymes
30
alpha-amylase
digests carbohydrates
31
components of gastric juice
HCl, pepsinogen, gastric lipase, intrinsic factor, mucus, bicarbonate
32
parietal cells
release HCl to activate pepsin and intrinsic factor to permit b12 absorption stimulus for release: Ach and histamine
33
ECL cells
release histamine stimulates gastric acid secretion stimulus for release: ach and gastrin
34
chief cells
``` release pepsin(ogen) to digest proteins and gastric lipase to digest fats stimulus for release: Ach and acid secretion ```
35
D cells
release somatostatin inhibits gastric acid secretion stimulus for release: acid in the stomach
36
G cells
release gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion stimulus for release: Ach, peptides, AAs
37
alkaline tide
after a meal, HCO3- is absorbed into the blood | -release of bicarbonate by parietal cells on their basolateral side
38
zymogens
inactive precursors | trypsinogen, chymotrypsiongen, procarboxypeptidase A and B, proteolase, procolipase
39
active form of secreted enzymes
alpha-amylase, lipase, carboxyl ester lipase, DNase
40
secretion in the small intestine
water, ions, mucus, hormones
41
secretion in the large intestine
only alkaline mucus
42
long reflexes
integrated in the CNS
43
short reflexes
integrated in the enteric nervous system
44
vagus nerve
esophagus to transverse colon
45
pelvic nerve
descending colon to anus
46
peristalsis
under control of ENS
47
vomiting
under control of the CNS | triggered by mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, or other higher centers
48
defecation
under control of CNS and ENS
49
gastrin
target: ECL and parietal cells stimulus: peptides and AAs effect: gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth
50
CCK
target: gallbladder, pancreas, stomach stimulus: fatty acids effect: gallbladder contraction, pancreas secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion
51
secretin
target: pancreas and stomach stimulus: acid in small intestine effect: bicarbonate secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion
52
motilin
target: gastric and intestinal smooth muscle stimulus: fasting effect: stimulates migrating motor complex inhibited by eating a meal
53
amylase and dissacharides
digest carbs
54
proteases
digest proteins
55
lipases
digest fats
56
hydrolysis
the chemical breakdown of a chemical bond by the addition of water
57
digestion of carbs
alpha-amylase (lumenal) | maltase, sucrase, lactase (brush border)
58
absorption of carbs
glucose and galactose by secondary active transport | fructose through facilitated diffusion
59
digestion of proteins
occurs in stomach and small intestine | endopeptidases and exopeptidases
60
absorption of proteins
must be absorbed as single nutrients AA absorbed through secondary active transport (cotransport with Na+) peptides absorbed through active transport (trancytosis)
61
digestion of fats
bile salts coat liquid droplets, lipase starts digesting triglycerides, micelles form, cholesterol transported into the cell, absorbed fats and proteins form chylomicrons, chylomicrons removed by lymphatics, bile salts are recycled
62
absorption of fats
monoglycerides and fatty acids leave micelles and enter cell by diffusion cholesterol is actively transported into the cell, packaged into chylomicron and removed by lymphatics
63
vitamin b12
absorbed mainly in terminal ileum
64
calcium
only absorbed through paracellular pathway following a concentration gradient in ileum and jejnum
65
iron
best absorbed as heme iron from a specialized transporter | also ionized from plant products through a cotransporter with hydrogen on DMT-1
66
cephalic phase
in oral cavity increased salivary secretions | only secretion of gastric acid and intrinsic factor
67
borborygmus
stomach growling
68
gastric phase
distension of stomach, then antrum, stimulate parietal cells | in intestine we see stimulation and inhibition (protein stimulates, fat acid hypertonicity inhibut)
69
CCK in digestion
if we have fat in the small intestine, CCK is released and binds to the sphincter of oddi so it relaxes. also goes to gallbladder to relax it and release bile
70
osmotic diarrhea
a lot of molecules in the lumen create an osmotic gradient so water follows and there is influx in lumen ex) lactase deficiency, ingestion of diet products, rotavirus and norovirus
71
secretory diarrhea
achieved by messing with CFTR channel so there is too much Cl in lumen and water follows ex) cholera
72
fast motility causing diarrhea
usually in response to toxin or pathogen so quickly want to rid from intestine and not absorb
73
how to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea
cannot just give water, give glucose to create an osmotic gradient

PGY 300 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions