Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 228 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are included in the upper respiratory system? The lower system?

A

Nose and paranasal sinuses and pharynx are the upper respiratory tract. The lower includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs (bronchioles and alveoli).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

It is an airway for respiration, moistens and warms entering air, filters and cleans entering air, serves as a resonating chamber for speech, and houses the olfactory (smell) receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What bones build the structure of the nose?

A

Nasal bones and maxilla, then hyaline cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify the root and bridge, dorsum nasi, ala, apex and naris of the nose on a diagram.

A

Done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of cartilage builds the nose? What part of the nose is built with connective tissue?

A

Hyaline cartilage builds the tip of the nose while dense fibrous C.T. builds the tissue that covers the nostrils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify the nasal conchae, nasal meatuses, nasal vestibule, nostril, olfactory epithelium, nasal septum on a diagram.

A

Done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of epithelium covers most of the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified columnar, ciliated epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s the importance of goblet cells within that lining?

A

They secrete mucus, which traps debris that comes in with the air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the function of lysozyme and where does it come from?

A

Lysozyme is an enzyme that kills entering bacteria. Serous cells secrete it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the importance of defensins and where does it come from?

A

Defensins kill microbes by disrupting or breaking their cell membranes. Defensins are made in the pseudostratified epithelial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What’s the function of the nasal conchae and meatuses?

A

There are three functions; to moisten the air, heat the air and filter the air that is coming in. The air is moistened because the watery mucus increases the humidity in the nasal cavity. The air is heated because there is a rich blood supply to the capillaries in the walls of the chamber. This brings the air to about body temperature. The air is filtered because as it enters, the air swirls through the conchae, causing turbulence and any debris will fall out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses? Function?

A

They lighten the skull and secrete mucus that is secreted into the nasal cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do you find the pharynx?

A

This is the tube that connects the nasal cavity (nose) and the mouth to the larynx (the airway to the lungs) and the esophagus (the tube to the stomach).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nasopharynx: function, when is it closed off and why, what type of epithelial tissue:

A

The function of the nasopharynx, which is above the point where food enters, so it only passes air through it, is to pass air on to the lungs. When we swallow the uvula flaps upwards, covering the nasopharynx so that no food gets up into our nose. It is covered in pseudostratified columnar, ciliated epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What passes through the oropharynx? What kind of epithelium would you find here? Why?

A

Food and air pass through the oropharynx. Stratified squamous epithelium, to resist the friction of the food passing through.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What passes through the laryngopharynx? What kind of epithelium would you find here? Why?

A

Food and air pass through the laryngopharynx. It is covered with stratified squamous epithelium to resist the friction of the food that is passing through it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The function of the conducting zone

A

is to move air from the outside of the body to the lungs. The parts are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Provide an open airway, route air and food to the correct passageway and voice production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Identify: hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple), cricoid cartilage and epiglottis on a diagram.

A

Done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Covers the larynx during swallowing to protect the airway from food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the layers of the trachea? What kind of tissue makes up each layer?

A

The mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage and adventicia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The mucosa

A

is made up of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells that secrete mucus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The submucosa

A

is made up of C.T. with seromucous glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hyaline cartilage and then the adventicia

A

is made up of C.T..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of the rings of cartilage in the trachea?

A

To hold the trachea open for air to pass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The trachea divides into what tubes?

A

Primary bronchi (bronchus is singular).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the lobar bronchi? Where do they go? When they branch, what do we call the resulting tubules?

A

Bronchi keep dividing until they are smaller than 1 mm in diameter. After that, what do we call them? Lobar bronchi are also called secondary bronchi. There is one per lobe, so the right lung has three and the left lung has 2. Primary bronchi branch into these lobar or secondary bronchi. When these branch they become segmental or tertiary bronchi. Each of these will serve one lung segment. There are 8-10 on the left and 10 on the right. These will keep branching, getting smaller and smaller and once they are 1 mm or less in diameter we call them bronchioles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is the structure of bronchioles different from that of the bronchi?

A

Bronchioles have a complete ring of smooth muscle around them, but no cartilage. Working your way up the tree from here, there is less and less smooth muscle and more and more cartilage, until you get to the trachea, which has complete rings of cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does the epithelium changes in the respiratory tree?

A

It starts out as pseudostratified epithelium, then simple columnar, then simple cuboidal (in the terminal bronchioles) and finally simple squamous in the alveoli.

30
Q

How does the amount of muscle in the tubule wall change throughout the respiratory tree?

A

The rings of smooth muscle become more and more complete and the cartilage rings break up, become just plates, then disappear completely.

31
Q

Identify respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli on a diagram.

A

Done

32
Q

Describe the structure of the alveoli.

A

Alveoli are simple squamous epithelium with a basement membrane. The outside is covered with capillaries. The two basement membranes fuse (the basement membrane of the alveoli and capillary) and that is then called the respiratory membrane.

33
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

The two basement membranes fuse (the basement membrane of the alveoli and capillary)

34
Q

What are the three types of alveolar cells? What’s the main function of each?

A

There are three types of cells in the alveoli.

35
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A

are simple squamous alveoli where gases are exchanged. These are the most common.

36
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

are simple cuboidal epithelial cells. They secrete a fluid that has a surfactant and antimicrobial proteins. The surfactant covers the type I cells and helps gases diffuse across the membrane.

37
Q

alveolar macrophages.

A

These engulf debris, dust, microbes, and so forth in the lungs. There isn’t mucous or cilia in this region of the lungs, so this is the way to get rid of these things.

38
Q

Identify the lung apex, base, hilum, cardiac notch, lobes, oblique and horizontal fissures on a diagram.

A

Done

39
Q

What are the pulmonary arteries? Are they oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Pulmonary arteries leave the right ventricle and are traveling to the lungs. They are carrying deoxygenated blood. This is the one artery in the body that is carrying deoxygenated blood.

40
Q

What are the pulmonary capillary networks? Pulmonary veins?

A

Pulmonary capillary networks are the capillaries that surround the alveoli. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the left atria of the heart. This is the only vein in the body that is carrying oxygenated blood, but it is still correctly identified as a vein, because it is flowing towards the heart, instead of away from it.

41
Q

What are the two membranes that line the lung and lung cavity? What is the cavity between the membranes called?

A

The membrane that lines the surface of the lung is the visceral pleura. The membrane that lines the lung cavity wall is the parietal pleura. The space between them is the pleural cavity. The membranes secrete a fluid that allows the membranes to glide over each other. Also, there is surface tension in that fluid. The importance of this is that it holds the two membranes together, they do not come apart. So, if the parietal pleura is expanding as the lung cavity expands when we breathe in, then the visceral pleura also expands, pulling the lungs open.

42
Q

How do you define atmospheric pressure? What’s positive and negative atmospheric pressure?

A

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure that the atmosphere exerts on any object at sea level. At sea level it is 760 mm Hg. Negative pressure means that an area (for example, inside the lungs) has a lower pressure as compared to the atmospheric pressure. Positive pressure means that an area (for example, inside the lungs) has a higher pressure than the atmospheric pressure.

43
Q

Define intrapulmonary pressure:

A

This is pressure inside the alveoli.

44
Q

Define intrapleural pressure:

A

Pressure in the pleural cavity.

45
Q

Describe why the parietal and visceral pleural stick together. Why does this help keep the lungs inflated? What forces act to cause the lungs to recoil?

A

atmospheric pressure. Also, the forces that act to cause the lungs to recoil are that the diaphragm relaxes, the other muscles that are synergists with the diaphragm relax, the lung cavity decreases in volume, pressure in the lung cavity increases because of this and becomes positive in comparison with external atmospheric pressure, and we breathe out.

46
Q

If you have a consistent volume of gas, will the pressure be higher or lower in a small container compared to a larger container? Why?

A

Higher in a small container. The same number of gases are present in a smaller area, so they are exerting more force against the walls of that container.

47
Q

Describe why air is inspired as we expand the lungs.

A

When the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity increases in volume. The lungs increase their volume as they are pulled to open by the parietal and visceral membranes. When the volume increases, the pressure that the air inside them exerts on them decreases. Negative pressure is developed inside the lungs (because volume has increased). Air moves from an area of higher pressure (outside the body) to the area of lower pressure (inside the lungs). We breath in.

48
Q

Describe two ways the lungs expand as we breathe in.

A

The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles (muscles between the ribs) contract and this increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

49
Q

Describe quiet expiration.

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, the thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure in the lungs increases to being positive, and then air moves from an area of higher pressure (inside the lungs) to an area of lower pressure (outside the lungs).

50
Q

Tidal volume

A

is the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each respiration. This is about 500 ml for the average person.

51
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

is the amount of additional air you can inspire forcefully, after quietly inhaling. In other words, you inhale as usual and then forcefully try to inhale as much as you can on top of that.

52
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

is the amount of air you can forcefully exhale after quiet exhalation. In other words, you exhale as usual, but then you force as much additional air out of your lungs as you can.

53
Q

Residual volume

A

is the amount of air left in your lungs after you forcefully exhale.

54
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

is the total amount of air that can be inspired. So, this is the amount of air taken in during a quiet inhalation (TV) plus the amount of air you can forcefully inhale on top of that (IRV). So, it is TV + IRV.

55
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a quiet exhalation. So this is ERV + RV.

56
Q

Vital capacity

A

is the amount of exchangeable air: TV + IRV + ERV.

57
Q

Total lung capacity

A

is the vital capacity plus the residual volume or VC + RV.

58
Q

Define Dalton’s law of partial pressures:

A

This states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas independently. Each gas, on its own, exerts pressure on the walls of the lungs. If 21% of the atmospheric gas composition is oxygen, then oxygen will exert 21% of the pressure inside the lungs. Nitrogen makes up 79% of atmospheric gases, so nitrogen exerts a partial pressure of 79%.

59
Q

Define Henry’s Law:

A

The amount of gas that dissolves into liquid depends on three things: First, the solubility of the gas in the liquid. Some gases are more soluble than others. For example, carbon dioxide is most soluble (when looking at the gases in the air that we breathe in). Oxygen is only 1/20th as soluble as carbon dioxide. Nitrogen is half as soluble as oxygen. Almost no nitrogen diffuses into the blood from the lungs. It remains in gaseous form and is then breathed back out. Second, the temperature affects the amount of a certain gas that dissolves into liquid. The warmer it is, the harder it is for gases to dissolve into the solution. Third, the greater the concentration of a gas in a mixture, or the greater the partial pressure, the more and faster it will dissolve into solution.

60
Q

What three factors influence external respiration?

A

Partial pressure gradients of the gases across the respiratory membrane, the thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane and ventilation-perfusion coupling.

61
Q

Describe how partial pressure gradients in the lungs help gases diffuse across the membranes.

A

The partial pressure gradient of oxygen is big, so it diffuses across the membrane to oxygenate the deoxygenated hemoglobin. The gradient of carbon dioxide is much smaller, but because it’s more soluble in water, it moves quickly across. About the same amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with each breath we take.

62
Q

What drives gas exchange during internal respiration?

A

Temperature is one factor. The warmer the temperature generated in the tissues by cellular respiration decreases hemoglobins’ affinity for oxygen. So, when hemoglobin arrives in the tissues, temperature warms up and it makes it easier for the hemoglobin to drop off the oxygen. Also, blood pH, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide affect hemoglobins’ affinity for oxygen. In the tissues, cellular respiration is using up oxygen and making carbon dioxide. So, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide builds up in the tissues. Then, the carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid, which ionizes into H+ and HCO3-. So, an increase in carbon dioxide means that there is also a decrease in the pH of the blood. A decrease in pH also decreases hemoglobins’ affinity for oxygen. In the tissues, there are three factors that decrease hemoglobins’ affinity for oxygen and they are all due to cellular respiration. First, temp is increased. Second there is an increase of carbon dioxide and third there is an increase in the acidity in this region.

63
Q

What are two ways that oxygen is carried in the blood?

A

Oxygen can be carried dissolved in the blood plasma, but only 1.5% is carried this way. The rest is carried attached to an iron on the hemoglobin molecule.

64
Q

What is meant by saying a hemoglobin molecule is partially saturated? Fully saturated?

A

Hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules. When it is carrying all 4, we call it saturated (it can’t carry any more). If it is carrying 1-3 we call it partially saturated.

65
Q

What factors decrease oxygen’s affinity for hemoglobin? Explain each.

A

The combined influence of pH and 2,3-DPG on oxygen-hemoglobin binding. So, a low pH by itself decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. However, by inhibiting the production of 2,3-DPG, low pH increases the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

66
Q

What are the three ways that carbon dioxide is carried in the blood?

A

It can be dissolved in the blood plasma, linked to a hemoglobin molecule or carried as bicarbonate ion )HCO3-).

67
Q

What part of the hemoglobin molecule does carbon dioxide bind with?

A

It binds with the protein part of the molecule, not the iron on the heme group like oxygen does.

68
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide reacts with water to form bicarbonate.

A

It binds with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid is a salt, so it breaks apart into its’ ions which are H+ and HCO3- (bicarbonate).

69
Q

What part of the brain innervates inspiration and expiration? What happens with the phrenic and intercostal nerves innervate their target?

A

The autonomic nervous system. When the phrenic and intercostal nerves innervate their targets, we inhale. The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and the intercostal nerve innervates the intercostal muscles.

70
Q

What happens to breathing rate as the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood rises?

A

It increases to try and get rid of the excess CO2, and bring the blood pH back up towards neutral. If there is too much CO2, then the blood gets acidic. Can you explain why?

71
Q

The respiratory zone is

A

where gas exchange takes place. Oxygen diffuses into the body and carbon dioxide diffuses out. This includes the bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

BIOL 228 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions