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BIOL 228 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the following on a diagram: testis, scrotum, epididymis, ductus deferens, urinary bladder, ampulla of the ductus deferens, seminal gland, prostate, bulbo-urethral gland, urethra and penis.

A

Done

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2
Q

What are the gonads in the female? Male?

A

Ovaries in the female, testes in the male.

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3
Q

What do the gonads of each sex produce?

A

Eggs and sperm.

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4
Q

What’s the main hormone secreted by ovaries? Testes?

A

Estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries and testosterone by the testes.

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5
Q

Sister chromatids:

A

DNA copies/replicates itself during the S phase of interphase. So, there are 2 copies of each chromosome. The copies are joined together at the centromere. Each copy is called a sister chromatid and the whole structure, at this point, is called a chromosome.

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6
Q

Homologous chromosomes:

A

Every cell in the body has 46 chromosomes (in people). 23 came from your mom and 23 came from your dad. One set of 23 chromosomes is a full set of genetic information, so every cell in the body has 2 full sets of genetic information. Each of the 23 chromosomes looks a little bit different from the other 22 and we have identified the genes that each carries. And, we have numbered them 1, 2, 3, ….23. So, you get a #1 chromosome from your mom and a #1 chromosome from your dad, and so on for each of the 23 chromosomes. You have 23 pairs of chromosomes and within each pair, one came from your mom and the other came from your dad. These pairs are called homologous chromosomes.

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7
Q

Diploid:

A

2 full sets of genetic information. In people, the number is always 46.

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8
Q

Haploid:

A

1 full set of genetic information. In people, the number is always 23.

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9
Q

Tetrads:

A

This is homologous chromosomes that have replicated their DNA. When these line up together, there are 4 copies of this DNA.

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10
Q

What stage of mitosis does the DNA replicate?

A

S phase of interphase.

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11
Q

What’s the main function of mitosis?

A

Growth, replacement of old cells.

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12
Q

Prophase:

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense, sister chromatids are held together at the centromere, and centrosomes begin to grow the microtubule assembly (spindle apparatus).

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13
Q

Metaphase:

A

Chromosomes line up single file in the middle of the cell.

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14
Q

Anaphase:

A

Centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled apart and are pulled to opposite sides (poles) of the cell.

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15
Q

Telophase:

A

New nuclear membranes form, chromosomes begin to de-condense or uncoil and cytokenesis begins.

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16
Q

What events occur during interphase before meiosis?

A

The same as before mitosis. During the G1 phase, normal daily function of the cell is occurring. During the S phase, the DNA is copied and during the G2 phase the proteins and enzymes needed for cell division are made.

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17
Q

What separates during meiosis I? Meiosis II? Mitosis?

A

Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes. Meiosis II: 23 Sister chromatids. Mitosis: 46 sister chromatids.

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18
Q

Are the cells haploid or diploid after meiosis I? Meiosis II?

A

After meiosis I cells are haploid and they remain haploid throughout the end of meiosis II.

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19
Q

What is the main function or goal of Meiosis?

A

To create haploid gametes (eggs and sperm).

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20
Q

Where in the body does meiosis occur?

A

Ovaries and testes.

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21
Q

What’s the difference between a somatic cell and a gamete?

A

Somatic cells are diploid (they have 46 chromosomes) and gametes have 23 chromosomes (they are haploid).

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22
Q

Interphase:

A

DNA is replicated during the S phase

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23
Q

Prophase I:

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense. sister chromatids are held together by the centromere and the centrosomes begin to assemble the spindle apparatus. Homologous chromosomes find each other.

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24
Q

Metaphase I:

A

Homologous chromosomes line up together in the middle of the cell. At the end of this phase, you have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell.

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25
Q

Anaphase I:

A

Homologous chromosomes separate. 23 end up on one side of the cell and 23 end up on the other side. Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere.

26
Q

Telophase I:

A

Nuclear envelopes reform. Cells are haploid and have a complete set of DNA.
No interphase before meiosis II and the cells are starting with a haploid number.

27
Q

Prophase II:

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle forms. Chromosomes are already condensed.

28
Q

Metaphase II:

A

23 Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. This is different from metaphase of mitosis because 46 chromosomes line up single file during mitosis. It’s different from meiosis I because they line up single file, not in pairs.

29
Q

Anaphase II:

A

Centromeres split and sister chromatids are moved to opposite sides or poles of the cell. Once sister chromatids are apart they are now called chromosomes.

30
Q

Telophase II:

A

Nuclear envelopes reform. Cells are haploid. The product is 4 gametes.

31
Q

Cytokinesis -

A

splitting of the cytoplasm and forming a new cell membrane.

32
Q

At the end of meiosis I, how many copies of homologous chromosomes does each daughter cell have?

A

1 set.

33
Q

At the end of meiosis I, how many chromosomes, total, does each cell have?

A

23, and one full set of genetic information.

34
Q

Does interphase occur between meiosis I and meiosis II?

A

No.

35
Q

Mitosis

A

DNA replication occurs during the phase of interphase. 2 daughter diploid cells are produced. Function is for growth and repair. occurs in somatic cells

36
Q

meiosis

A

DNA replication occurs during the phase of interphase. 4 daughter cells are produced. The daughter cells are haploid. The function is for reproduction. It occurs in the ovaries and testes

37
Q

Trace the duct system of male reproductive anatomy on a diagram. Include the epididymis, the ductus deferens, the ejaculatory duct, the urethra and the penis.

A

Done

38
Q

What’s inside the scrotum? Why is the scrotum outside the body cavity?

A

The testes are inside the scrotum. The testes are where sperm are made and they are help outside the body cavity because sperm are best made about 3 degrees lower than body temperature.

39
Q

What’s the important function of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Seminiferous tubules are inside the testes and are where sperm are made.

40
Q

Identify the following on a diagram of the testes: lobule, seminiferous tubules, straight tubule, rete testis, efferent ductule, head, body and tail of the epididymis, and the ductus deferens.

A

Done

41
Q

What happens to sperm in the epididymis?

A

Sperm mature here, gaining the ability to swim. This maturation process takes about 20 days.

42
Q

Identify the following on a diagram: ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, urethra, bulbo-urethral gland and the prostate gland.

A

Done

43
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A

The fluids made here account for about 70% of semen. The fluids are alkaline and add substances that increase the motility of the sperm.

44
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

It also adds fluids to the semen.

45
Q

What’s the function of the bulbourethral gland?

A

Adds mucus to the semen, which neutralizes them.

46
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis. Include the terms spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatids.

A

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis. These cells are on the periphery of the seminiferous tubules. One resulting cell stays behind as a new spermatagonia cell. The other migrates inward and becomes a primary spermatocyte (diploid). Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I, forming 2 smaller daughter cells that are haploid. These are secondary spermatocytes. The secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II and become spermatids (4 total). Spermatids are non-motile. They mature by a process called spermiogenesis in the epididymis.

47
Q

What is spermiogenesis? Where does it occur? How long does it take?

A

This is the process that spermatids undergo to become sperm. This occurs in the epididymis and takes about 20 days. During this time, sperm become motile.

48
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone.

49
Q

Identify on a diagram the ovaries, uterus (fundus, body, isthmus, cervix), uterine tube (infundibulum, ampulla, fimbriae, isthmus), vagina, bladder, urethra.

A

Done

50
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A

Outer layer is the perimetrium, which is a thin layer of C.T. The myometrium is the mid layer. This is made out of smooth muscle and is the thickest layer. The endometrium is the inner layer. It is simple columnar epithelium and it prepares to hold a fertilized egg once a month. In preparation it thickens and becomes fed with a rich blood supply.

51
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The formation of a haploid egg.

52
Q

What process of division do the following cells undergo: oogonia, primary oocytes, secondary oocytes? (Mitosis, meiosis I, meiosis II). Describe the process of oogenesis.

A

Oogonia undergo mitosis to make a primary oocyte and a replacement for itself. This happens while a woman is still a fetus. Meiosis I begins in the primary oocyte, but is stalled/arrested at the end of Prophase I. A girl is born with 1-2 million primary oocytes arrested at Prophase I. Nothing else happens until puberty. Then, once a month high FSH levels stimulate about 20 primordial follicles to grow. They proceed to become a primary, secondary, and then only one is selected to continue to mature from that point. It becomes a mature follicle with an antrum. The rest of the follicles, with their primary oocytes inside of them undergo atresia or cell death. The primary oocyte in the dominant follicle that continued to grow finishes meiosis I. Meiosis I produces one cell that is bigger and one cell that is very, very small. The smaller cell is called a polar body. Hardly any of the cytoplasm was directed to this cell. Then, the bigger cell begins meiosis II and then arrests at metaphase II. Ovulation then occurs and this oocyte is expelled from the ovary. It if is fertilized, it quickly finishes meiosis II to produce an egg and a second polar body. The egg then binds to the sperm. If no fertilization occurs, meiosis II is never completed.

53
Q

When, in the lifetime of a female, do primary oocytes form? In which stage of meiosis I do they pause?

A

See above.

54
Q

Describe each structure: primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, and vesicular follicle).

A

Primordial follicles have a single layer of simple squamous epithelium around the primary oocyte (arrested at the end of Prophase I). When this is selected and begins to grow, it becomes a primary follicle. The primary follicle has a single layer of simple cuboidal epithelium around the oocyte. Secondary follicles have more than one layer of cuboidal epithelial cells. These epithelial cells are called granulosa cells and they secrete estrogen. Mature (graafian or vesicular) follicles granulosa cells begin to secrete fluid into the follicle. When there is a space with fluid inside of it, the follicle is considered mature. Finally, this follicle migrates to the edge of the ovary. Pressure inside of it builds as more and more fluid is made. High levels of estrogen cause LH to be released and LH stimulates ovulation. Ovulation is when the follicle bursts, the side of the ovary bursts and the egg is released into the uterine tube.

55
Q

What are the two phases of the ovarian cycle? What are the main things that happen during each phase?

A

The two phases are the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is the first 14 days and the luteal phase is the second 14 days of the cycle. During the follicular phase, the follicles are stimulated, grow, and ovulation occurs. High levels of FSH stimulate about 20 primordial follicles to begin to mature. One becomes dominant and then ovulation is the last thing that happens during this phase. During the luteal phase, the follicle that released the egg reassembles itself into a new structure called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Progesterone is the hormone that maintains the endometrium in case the egg is fertilized and needs a place to implant. If no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum breaks down, progesterone stops being made, and the inner lining of the uterus is shed.

56
Q

How is one follicle determined as the dominant follicle?

A

High levels of FSH stimulate a group of about 20 follicles to continue their maturation. 20 follicles begin to grow. One follicle becomes more sensitive to FSH than the others. Then, FSH levels begin to drop in the middle of the follicular phase. The sensitive follicle outcompetes the others for FSH. So, it continues to grow and the others undergo atresia. The dominant follicle continues to grow and mature.

57
Q

Describe the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle.

A

See above.

58
Q

What is the role of estrogen? What structures secrete estrogen?

A

Estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to thicken, it stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH around day 14. High levels of LH stimulate ovulation. The granulosa cells are the cells that secrete estrogen. So, as the follicles grow and there are more and more granulosa cells, estrogen levels increase. Once the follicles undergo atresia, estrogen levels then drop.

59
Q

What is the function of progesterone? What secretes it?

A

Progesterone maintains the thickened lining of the uterus. The corpus luteum secretes it.

60
Q

What is the function of FSH? What secretes it?

A

FSH stimulates follicles to start to mature once a month. The pituitary gland secretes it when Gonadotropin releasing hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus.

61
Q

What is the function of LH? What secretes it?

A

LH causes ovulation. It comes from the anterior pituitary.

62
Q

Describe the uterine cycle (menstrual cycle). What are the three phases? What are the main events that occur during each phase?

A

The three phases of the uterine cycle (menstrual cycle) are coordinated with the ovarian cycle. There are three phases: the menstrual phase occurs on days 0-4. These are the days that the uterine lining is shed. The corpus luteum broke down, ending its hormone output of progesterone and estrogen. Once there are lower levels of progesterone, the lining is shed. The second phase is the proliferative phase. This occurs on days 5-14. Estrogen levels are rising (the follicles are growing, so more and more cells are secreting estrogen). Estrogen is causing the lining of the uterus to thicken. A peak of estrogen causes LH to be secreted from the anterior pituitary, causing ovulation. These first two phases coincide with the follicular phase in the ovarian cycle. The third phase is the secretory phase or post-ovulatory phase. It occurs on days 15-28. This is when the endometrium prepares itself for implantation by thickening. Rising levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum causes the lining to continue to thicken.

BIOL 228 (12 decks)

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