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Biology A Level > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

36-38 ATP

20 chemical reactions, 4 phases

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2
Q

Red blood cells

A

No organelles

Can’t respire aerobically

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration advantages

A

No need for mitochondria or oxygen

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4
Q

Facultative/ obligate anaerobes

A

Prokaryotic

Rely on anaerobic resp.

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5
Q

Why is there a rise in temp.?

A

Energy generated lost as heat

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6
Q

Anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Glucose -> lactic acid

C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3

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7
Q

Anaerobic respiration in fungi

A

Glucose -> ethanol + CO2

C6H12O6 -> C2H5OH + CO2

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8
Q

Anaerobic respiration aka

A

Fermentation

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9
Q

ATP

A

V soluble but doesn’t diffuse

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10
Q

NAD

A

A coenzyme

A hydrogen carrier

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11
Q

Glycolysis intro

A

Splitting glucose (occurs in cytoplasm)

Necessary because mitochondria have channel proteins for pyruvate and not glucose

Has to make glucose reactive, to overcome Ea

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12
Q

Glycolysis details

A
  • phosphorylation -> glucose-6-phosphate (traps inside cell)
  • isomérisation (isomerise) -> fructose-6-phosphate
  • phosphorylation (phosphofructokinase) -> fructose-1,6-diphosphate
  • splits into 2x triose phosphate
  • TP oxidised -> à series of intermediates -> pyruvate
  • provides energy for substrate-level phosphorylation
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13
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Uses ATP

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14
Q

Glycolysis net products

A

2 pyruvate, 2ATP, 2NADH2

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15
Q

Link reaction

A
  • pyruvate diffuses/actively transported into the mitochondrial fluid matrix - needs a carrier (ATP)
  • 2x pyruvate decarboxylated -> 2x acetyl
  • acetyl associates with coenzyme A
  • pyruvate is oxidised, NAD is reduced
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16
Q

Mitochondrial fluid matrix

A

Gel- where all the enzymes are

17
Q

Coenzyme À

A

Acceptor molecules
Only take 2 molecules of pyruvate
Recycled

18
Q

Decarboxylation

A

Hence the CO2 product

19
Q

Krebs Cycle function

A

To regenerate acceptor molecule, extracting hydrogen for oxidative phosphorylation

20
Q

Krebs cycle details

A
  • acetyl coA -> via a series of intermediates -> citrate
  • citrate decarboxylated -> glutartic acid, NAD reduced
  • glutartic acid decarboxylated -> ocyloacetate, FAD reduced
  • substrate-level phosphorylation produces 2x ATP

Products: 4x CO2

21
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation details

A

1) NADH2 and FADH2 release hydrogen into inner mitochondrial membrane; oxidised
2) hydrogen splits into protons and electrons
3) electrons flow down electron carriers of decreasing energy levels; the electron transport chain - leaves energy
4) electron leaves proton electrically imbalanced; protons join from matrix to balance
5) electron moves, leaving chemical imbalance
6) energy used to pump protons across membrane after accumulation (electrochemical gradient; proton motive force)
7) protons flow through ATP synthase
8) energy translated into ADP substrate-level phosphorylation

22
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A 
At the cristae 
Many 
High SA 
Greater rate of flow 
More ATP production
23
Q

OXIDATIVE phosphorylation

A
  • oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the matrix
  • protons join to form water

1/2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -> H2O
Catalyses by cytochrome oxidase

24
Q

Why is the yield not reached?

A
  • transporting NADH2 into mito
  • active transport of pyruvate
  • leaky protons
  • NADH2 used elsewhere
25
Q

Chemiosmosis

A
  • proton motive force

* high -> low across a membrane

26
Q

Investigating respiration rate

A

Using yeast mitochondria to observe mitochondria at the cellular level

Indicator: CO2

27
Q

Acclimation/équilibration

28
Q

Respirometers all contain:

A
  • organism (+ control)
  • manometer tube (contains coloured liquid and scale)
  • soda lime/ KOH (absorbs CO2; allows tracking of oxygen usage)
  • cotton wool (allows O2 but not […]
  • screws (airtight; open during équilibration)
  • syringe (push air back into system to push fluid back into measurable scale)
  • Barrier (separate organism from soda lime)
  • water-bath (constant temp.)
29
Q

Respiratory quotient definition

A

Measure of the ratio of CO2 given out compared to the O2 consumed by an organism over a given period

30
Q

Respiratory quotient examples

A

Glucose: 1.0
Lipids: 0.7
Protein: 0.9

Organisms rarely respire just one substrate; produces intermediate values

Most organisms resting RQ: 0.8-0.9

31
Q

How does stage 2 (pyruvate -> ethanol and CO2) of anaerobic respiration allow stage 1 (glucose -> pyruvate) to continue

A

Regeneration of NAD allows continuation of glycolysis

32
Q

Acetyl CoA formation

A

Pyruvate is oxidised in a decarboxylation reaction; coenzyme A is added

33
Q

Why might glucose not be used in an investigation?

A

It is broken down during glycolysis in the cytoplasm - cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane

34
Q

Ice cold

Isotonic

A

Reduce enzyme activity

Prevents osmosis - no shrivel

Biology A Level (45 decks)

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