Respiration Flashcards
What are the four main stages of aerobic respiration?
- Glycolysis.
- Link reaction.
- Krebs cycle.
- Oxidative phosphorylation.
What are the two types of respiration?
Aerobic and Anaerobic.
What occurs during aerobic respiration?
Complete breakdown of glucose to from CO2.
Why is aerobic respiration more efficient than anaerobic respiration?
More ATP is produced per molecule of glucose.
What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration does not.
What occurs during anaerobic respiration?
Incomplete breakdown of glucose, making harmful waste products.
Which type of respiration is faster?
Anaerobic respiration.
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm.
Where does the link reaction occur?
Matrix of mitochondria.
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
Matrix of mitochondria.
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Inner membrane space of mitochondria.
What happens during glycolysis?
- Glucose is phosphorylated twice, first to form glucose phosphate then hexose bisphosphate.
- hexose bisphosphate is then split into two molecules of triode phosphate.
- Each triose phosphate molecule is oxidised to form pyruvate.
- Pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondria for link reaction.
What type of process is glycolysis?
Anaerobic.
What is the net yield of glycolysis?
2 ATP.
2 NADH.
What happens in the link reaction?
- Pyruvate is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to from acetate.
- Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A.
What is meant by dehydrogenation?
Loss of hydrogen atom/ion.
What is meant by decarboxylation?
Loss of carbon atom.
What are the products of the link reaction per glucose?
2x NADH.
2x CO2.
What are the products of the link reaction per reaction?
1x NADH.
1x CO2.
What happens in the Krebs cycle?
- Acetyl coenzyme A is combined with a 4 carbon molecule to form a 6 carbon molecule.
- This 6 carbon molecule then uses carbon dioxide and hydrogen (used to produce NADH) to give a single ATP (from substrate level phosphorylation), reduced FAD and a 4 carbon molecule (which then combines with Acetyl coenzyme A to start the cycle again).
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
Creation of ATP without ATP synthase. Phosphate is added to ADP to from another molecule.
What role do lipids/proteins play in the Krebs cycle?
They can also be respired anaerobically. Broken down into acetyl coenzyme A to enter the Krebs cycle.
What are the products of each cycle?
3x NADH.
1x ATP.
1x FADH.
2x CO2.
What occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?
-Electrons and protons are released from reduced coenzymes.
-Electrons flow along an electron transfer chain in a series of redox reactions.
electrons release energy which is used to from ATP.
-Oxygen is the final electron acceptor - it combines with electrons and protons to form water.
What stage produces most of the ATP during aerobic respiration?
Oxidative Phosphorylation.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?
Pyruvate + reduced NAD = ethanol + carbon dioxide + NAD.
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
Pyruvate + reduced NAD = lactate + NAD.
What is essential for glycolysis and how does this play a role in anaerobic respiration?
NAD is needed for glycolysis. In anaerobic respiration, NAD is regenerated by reducing pyruvate.
What is a respiratory substrate?
Any biological molecule that can be respired to release energy.
What is the relative energy values of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates?
Lipids > Proteins > Carbohydrates.
