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A Level AQA Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four main stages of aerobic respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis.
  • Link reaction.
  • Krebs cycle.
  • Oxidative phosphorylation.
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2
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic.

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3
Q

What occurs during aerobic respiration?

A

Complete breakdown of glucose to from CO2.

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4
Q

Why is aerobic respiration more efficient than anaerobic respiration?

A

More ATP is produced per molecule of glucose.

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5
Q

What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anaerobic respiration does not.

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6
Q

What occurs during anaerobic respiration?

A

Incomplete breakdown of glucose, making harmful waste products.

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7
Q

Which type of respiration is faster?

A

Anaerobic respiration.

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm.

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9
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria.

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10
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria.

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11
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner membrane space of mitochondria.

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12
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose is phosphorylated twice, first to form glucose phosphate then hexose bisphosphate.
  • hexose bisphosphate is then split into two molecules of triode phosphate.
  • Each triose phosphate molecule is oxidised to form pyruvate.
  • Pyruvate is actively transported into the mitochondria for link reaction.
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13
Q

What type of process is glycolysis?

A

Anaerobic.

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14
Q

What is the net yield of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP.

2 NADH.

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15
Q

What happens in the link reaction?

A
  • Pyruvate is dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to from acetate.
  • Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A.
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16
Q

What is meant by dehydrogenation?

A

Loss of hydrogen atom/ion.

17
Q

What is meant by decarboxylation?

A

Loss of carbon atom.

18
Q

What are the products of the link reaction per glucose?

A

2x NADH.

2x CO2.

19
Q

What are the products of the link reaction per reaction?

A

1x NADH.

1x CO2.

20
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle?

A
  • Acetyl coenzyme A is combined with a 4 carbon molecule to form a 6 carbon molecule.
  • This 6 carbon molecule then uses carbon dioxide and hydrogen (used to produce NADH) to give a single ATP (from substrate level phosphorylation), reduced FAD and a 4 carbon molecule (which then combines with Acetyl coenzyme A to start the cycle again).
21
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Creation of ATP without ATP synthase. Phosphate is added to ADP to from another molecule.

22
Q

What role do lipids/proteins play in the Krebs cycle?

A

They can also be respired anaerobically. Broken down into acetyl coenzyme A to enter the Krebs cycle.

23
Q

What are the products of each cycle?

A

3x NADH.
1x ATP.
1x FADH.
2x CO2.

24
Q

What occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

-Electrons and protons are released from reduced coenzymes.
-Electrons flow along an electron transfer chain in a series of redox reactions.
electrons release energy which is used to from ATP.
-Oxygen is the final electron acceptor - it combines with electrons and protons to form water.

25
Q

What stage produces most of the ATP during aerobic respiration?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation.

26
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Pyruvate + reduced NAD = ethanol + carbon dioxide + NAD.

27
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Pyruvate + reduced NAD = lactate + NAD.

28
Q

What is essential for glycolysis and how does this play a role in anaerobic respiration?

A

NAD is needed for glycolysis. In anaerobic respiration, NAD is regenerated by reducing pyruvate.

29
Q

What is a respiratory substrate?

A

Any biological molecule that can be respired to release energy.

30
Q

What is the relative energy values of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates?

A

Lipids > Proteins > Carbohydrates.

A Level AQA Biology (10 decks)

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