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A Level AQA Biology > Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long molecules made up from many smaller molecules.

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2
Q

What are monomers?

A

Small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers.

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3
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide.

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4
Q

What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharide.

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5
Q

What is the monomer of proteins?

A

Amino Acids.

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6
Q

What is the polymer of proteins?

A

Polypeptides/Proteins.

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7
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

Triglycerides.

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8
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides.

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9
Q

What is the polymer of nucleic acids?

A

DNA/RNA.

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10
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

When two molecules join together to form one larger molecule and one molecule of water.

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11
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

Every bond between molecules in carbohydrates.

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12
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

When molecules are split using a molecule of water.

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13
Q

What two molecules form maltose?

A

Two molecules of alpha glucose.

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14
Q

What two molecules form sucrose?

A

One molecule of alpha glucose and one molecule of fructose.

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15
Q

What two molecules form Lactose?

A

One molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose.

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16
Q

How many carbons does glucose have?

A

5

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17
Q

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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18
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Many monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction.

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19
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Plant cell walls.

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20
Q

What type of glucose does cellulose contain?

A

Beta glucose.

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21
Q

What bonds are present in cellulose?

A

Glycosidic bonds.

22
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Long unbranched/straight chains called microfibrils, held parallel to each other by hydrogen bonds.

23
Q

What are some characteristics of cellulose and how does this aid its purpose?

A
  • Strong - holds structure of plant cell walls. - Insoluble - doesn’t affect the water potential so no effect on osmosis.
24
Q

What is the function of amylose?

A

Glucose/energy storage in plants.

25
Q

What type of glucose does amylose contain?

A

Alpha glucose.

26
Q

What is the structure of amylose?

A

Unbranched and coiled.

27
Q

What are some characteristics of amylose and how does this aid its purpose?

A
  • Compact storage of glucose so a lot can be stored in a small space. - Insoluble - doesn’t affect the water potential so no effect on osmosis.
28
Q

What is the function of amylopectin?

A

Glucose/energy storage in plants.

29
Q

What type of glucose does amylopectin contain?

A

Alpha glucose.

30
Q

What bonds are present in amylose?

A

Glycosidic bonds.

31
Q

What bonds are present in amylopectin?

A

Glycosidic bonds.

32
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin?

A

Branched.

33
Q

What are some characteristics of amylopectin and how do they aid its function?

A
  • Branched - increases the surface area so it can be hydrolysed more quickly. - Insoluble - no effect on water potential so no effect on osmosis.
34
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Glucose/energy storage in animals.

35
Q

What type of glucose is present in glycogen?

A

Alpha glucose.

36
Q

What bonds are present in glycogen?

A

Glycosidic bonds.

37
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

Very branched.

38
Q

What are some characteristics of glycogen and how do they aid its function?

A
  • Very branched - bigger surface area so faster hydrolysis. - Insoluble - no affect on water potential so no effect on osmosis.
39
Q

What is the name of a test for carbohydrates?

A

The Benedict’s test.

40
Q

How do we test for reducing sugars?

A

1) Add Benedict’s solution (blue). 2) Heat sample in water bath to 100 degrees Celsius. 3) If sugar is present, solution will turn red.

41
Q

How do we test for non-reducing sugars?

A

1) Add some hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2) Boil in water bath. 3) Neutralise using sodium hydrogen carbonate. 4) Test again for reducing sugar - if it turns red, non-reducing sugar is present.

42
Q

What is a triglyceride made up of?

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids.

43
Q

What bonds are present in triglycerides?

A

Ester bonds.

44
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid and what can the presence of these cause?

A

Saturated fatty acids do not have any double bonds between carbon atoms. They can cause an increase in cholesterol and LDL’s.

45
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid and what does this mean for the number of hydrogens they contain?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids can have one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds between hydrogen atoms. This means they have less hydrogen.

46
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

Energy storage.

47
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides?

A

long, insoluble polymers that from insoluble droplets (hydrophobic tails on the inside).

48
Q

What is a phospholipid made up of?

A

glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate.

49
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

Form cell membranes that can control what goes in and out of a cell (phospholipid bilayer).

50
Q

What is the name of the the test for lipids?

A

The emulsion test.

51
Q

How do we conduct the emulsion test?

A

1) Mix substance with ethanol and shake. 2) Add water. 3) Observe. If milky layer forms, lipid is present.

A Level AQA Biology (10 decks)

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