Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
What are polymers?
Long molecules made up from many smaller molecules.
What are monomers?
Small molecules that are the building blocks of polymers.
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide.
What is the polymer of carbohydrates?
Polysaccharide.
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino Acids.
What is the polymer of proteins?
Polypeptides/Proteins.
What is the monomer of lipids?
Triglycerides.
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides.
What is the polymer of nucleic acids?
DNA/RNA.
What is a condensation reaction?
When two molecules join together to form one larger molecule and one molecule of water.
What is a glycosidic bond?
Every bond between molecules in carbohydrates.
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
When molecules are split using a molecule of water.
What two molecules form maltose?
Two molecules of alpha glucose.
What two molecules form sucrose?
One molecule of alpha glucose and one molecule of fructose.
What two molecules form Lactose?
One molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose.
How many carbons does glucose have?
5
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
What is a polysaccharide?
Many monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction.
Where is cellulose found?
Plant cell walls.
What type of glucose does cellulose contain?
Beta glucose.
What bonds are present in cellulose?
Glycosidic bonds.
What is the structure of cellulose?
Long unbranched/straight chains called microfibrils, held parallel to each other by hydrogen bonds.
What are some characteristics of cellulose and how does this aid its purpose?
- Strong - holds structure of plant cell walls. - Insoluble - doesn’t affect the water potential so no effect on osmosis.
What is the function of amylose?
Glucose/energy storage in plants.
What type of glucose does amylose contain?
Alpha glucose.
What is the structure of amylose?
Unbranched and coiled.
What are some characteristics of amylose and how does this aid its purpose?
- Compact storage of glucose so a lot can be stored in a small space. - Insoluble - doesn’t affect the water potential so no effect on osmosis.
What is the function of amylopectin?
Glucose/energy storage in plants.
What type of glucose does amylopectin contain?
Alpha glucose.
What bonds are present in amylose?
Glycosidic bonds.
What bonds are present in amylopectin?
Glycosidic bonds.
What is the structure of amylopectin?
Branched.
What are some characteristics of amylopectin and how do they aid its function?
- Branched - increases the surface area so it can be hydrolysed more quickly. - Insoluble - no effect on water potential so no effect on osmosis.
What is the function of glycogen?
Glucose/energy storage in animals.
What type of glucose is present in glycogen?
Alpha glucose.
What bonds are present in glycogen?
Glycosidic bonds.
What is the structure of glycogen?
Very branched.
What are some characteristics of glycogen and how do they aid its function?
- Very branched - bigger surface area so faster hydrolysis. - Insoluble - no affect on water potential so no effect on osmosis.
What is the name of a test for carbohydrates?
The Benedict’s test.
How do we test for reducing sugars?
1) Add Benedict’s solution (blue). 2) Heat sample in water bath to 100 degrees Celsius. 3) If sugar is present, solution will turn red.
How do we test for non-reducing sugars?
1) Add some hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2) Boil in water bath. 3) Neutralise using sodium hydrogen carbonate. 4) Test again for reducing sugar - if it turns red, non-reducing sugar is present.
What is a triglyceride made up of?
Glycerol and three fatty acids.
What bonds are present in triglycerides?
Ester bonds.
What is a saturated fatty acid and what can the presence of these cause?
Saturated fatty acids do not have any double bonds between carbon atoms. They can cause an increase in cholesterol and LDL’s.
What is an unsaturated fatty acid and what does this mean for the number of hydrogens they contain?
Unsaturated fatty acids can have one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds between hydrogen atoms. This means they have less hydrogen.
What is the function of triglycerides?
Energy storage.
What is the structure of triglycerides?
long, insoluble polymers that from insoluble droplets (hydrophobic tails on the inside).
What is a phospholipid made up of?
glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate.
What is the function of phospholipids?
Form cell membranes that can control what goes in and out of a cell (phospholipid bilayer).
What is the name of the the test for lipids?
The emulsion test.
How do we conduct the emulsion test?
1) Mix substance with ethanol and shake. 2) Add water. 3) Observe. If milky layer forms, lipid is present.
