Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Outline Glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose phosphorylated (substrate level phosphorylation) with 2 Pi to hexose bisphosphate
    (2ATP–>2ADP)
  2. Hexose bisphosphate rearranged by isomerase enzymes to 2 x triose phosphate
  3. 2 triose phosphate converted to 2 pyruvate by: dehydrogenation & dephosphorylation
    (2NAD—>2NADH, 4ADP + 4Pi –> 4ATP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does link reaction occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where does Krebs cycle occur

A

mitochondrial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

outline the link reaction

A
  1. pyruvate decarboxylase decarboxylates (removes CO2 from) pyruvate(3C)
    & pyruvate dehydrogenase dehydrogenates pyruvate

= forms ACETATE (2C) & (NAD+H) NAD & CO2

  1. acetate combines with CoA to form Acetyl Coa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

state the order of events in respiration

A

glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

outline Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA (2c) + Oxaloacetate (4c) –> Citrate & CoA released for reuse

Citrate decarboxylated & dehydrogenated to a 5C compound (NADH and CO2 formed)

the 5c compound is then decarboxylated, 2xdehydrogenated, dephosphorylated, & dehydrogenated again
(FORMS CO2, 2NADH, ATP, FADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

outline oxidative phosphorylation

A

H atoms released from NADH & FADH split into e- & H+

e- enter ETC; where O2 is final acceptor

H+ protons pumped into inter membrane space using energy released by ETC

H+ diffuses down electrochemical gradient, back into the matrix via ATP synthase (facilitated diffusion)

CHEMIOSMOSIS: the movement of H+ through ATP synthase drives synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi

H+ combines with the O2 & e- to form H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

products of glycolysis per glucose mol

A

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

products of link reaction per glucose mol

A

2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

products of Krebs cycle per glucose mol

A

2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH, 4CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 products of oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP, NAD, FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how the structure of mitochondria aids respiration

A
  • matrix contains the enzymes needed (dehydrogenases, decarboxylases)
  • matrix contains, FAD, NAD, Oxaloacetate
  • outer membrane contins transport proteins for pyruvate
  • inner membrane is folded (cristae) to maximise surface area for ETC and ATP synthase proteins

FOR LOCALISED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: (can meet demand for enzymes quicker than if transporting from outside mitochondria)

  • DNA in mitochondria codes for these enzymes
  • mitochondrial ribosomes (similar to those prokaryotes) for those enzymes to be synthesised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

substrate level phosphorylation and when does it occur during respiration?

A

formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from another phosphorylated compound, eg. in glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why can’t aerobic respiration continue for long time periods?

A

ethanol and lactate build up is toxic; lactate lowers blood pH

17
Q

why do we need anaerobic respiration? why wouldn’t respiration continue to produce enough ATP if O2 wasn’t present?

A

if no O2, no final acceptor of ETC so H+ conc. gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane reduces

reduces chemiosmosis so OP ceases

NADH & FADH can’t be deoxidised so Krebs cycle stops, therefore link reaction stops, and glycolysis couldn’t continue

we need something to accept H from NADH FADH to allow glycolysis to continue producing ATP to survive

18
Q

anaerobic respiration in fungi such as yeast

A

ETHANOL FERMENTATION PATHWAY

  1. Pyruvate decarboxylated to ETHANAL via pyruvate decarboxylase
  2. ETHANAL accept 2H from 2NADH to form ETHANOL catalysed by ethanol dehydrogenase
19
Q

anaerobic respiration in mammals such as humans

A

LACTATE FERMENTATION PATHWAY

  1. Pyruvate accepts the H (reduced) from NADH to form lactate, catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
20
Q

when would anaerobic respiration be appropriate in humans?

A

when O2 isn’t sufficient to meet short term demand, eg short burst of highly VIGOROUS exercise

21
Q

what is the fate of lactate?

A

once O2 becomes sufficient again

Lactate either converted back to pyruvate to enter Krebs cycle OR recycled to glucose & glycogen

22
Q

why does aerobic respiration have a much higher yield than anaerobic?

A

in aerobic: Oxidative phosphorylation produces 28 ATP per glucose mol, Krebs produces 2

BUT anaerobic only involves glycolysis so only produces 2ATP per glucose mole

23
Q

define:

  1. respiratory substrate

2. Respiratory quotient

A
  1. an organic molecule that can be oxidised by respiration to release energy, used to make ATP
  2. the efficiency of a substrate: CO2 produced/O2 used
24
Q

state the different respiratory quotients of the 3 main respiratory substrates

A

Carbohydrates = 1
Fatty Acids = 0.7
proteins (amino/Keto acids) = 0.9

25
Lipids have the highest energy value per mol, then proteins, then carbohydrates. why is this? and why do we mainly use glucose if this is the case?
lipids have a greater proportion of H, so more ATP produced via chemiosmosis BUT RQ is lower as more O2 is needed to accept these H's so Carbohydrates are more O2 efficient
26
what does an RQ above 1 indicate
some anaerobic respiratory is occurring as more CO2 produced than O2 consumed (decarboxylation occurring but oxidative phosphorylation not occurring)