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Biology A2 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

To produce ATP

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2
Q

What is the first stage of respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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3
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic, does not require respiration

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4
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm of the cell

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5
Q

What is glucose converted to and how?

A

hexose 1,6 bisphosphate through phosphorylation by ATP

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6
Q

What is hexose 1,6 bisphosphate broken down to?

A

2 three-carbon molecules- triose phosphate

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7
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis and how is it produced?

A

Pyruvate, made by the dephosphorylation of triose phosphate.

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8
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

2x ATP, 2x NADH, 2x pyruvate

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9
Q

What is the stage that occurs after glycolysis in aerobic conditions?

A

The link reaction

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10
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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11
Q

How does pyruvate get to the link reaction?

A

It actively transports from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria

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12
Q

What is pyruvate converted to in the link reaction and how?

A

Acetate through decarboxylation and oxidation

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13
Q

What is the final product of the link reaction and how is it produced?

A

Acetylcoenzyme A, by binding acetate and coenzyme A

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14
Q

What stage occurs after the link reaction?

A

The Krebs Cycle

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15
Q

How many carbons does AcetylcoA contain?

A

2

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16
Q

How is a 6 carbon molecule produced from AcetylCoA in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate joins with AcetylCoA to produce citrate

17
Q

How does citrate produce oxaloacetate

A
  • Decarboxylation occurs twice
  • 2 NAD molecules are reduced at the same time
  • ADP is phosphorylated
  • An FAD molecule is reduced
  • another NAD molecule is reduced
  • Oxaloacetate is produced
18
Q

What are the net products of the Krebs cycle?

A

3x NADH, 1x FADH₂, 1x ATP, 2x CO₂

19
Q

Where are NADH and FADH₂ transported to after the Krebs Cycle?

A

The intermembrane space of the mitochondria

20
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

The intermembrane space of the mitochondria

21
Q

What are NADH and FADH₂?

A

Co-enzymes

22
Q

What happens to NADH and FADH₂ in the electron transport chain?

A

The are oxidised to release H+ atoms

23
Q

What happens to electrons as they move down the electron transport chain?

A

They release energy

24
Q

What is the last carrier in the electron transport chain and what is it reduced to?

A

Oxygen is reduced to water

25
Q

What happens to hydrogen atoms in chemiosmosis?

A

They are actively transported into the matrix, from which they enter the proton port of the ATP synthase molecules embedded into the membrane

26
Q

What is the name of the proton gradient established at the membrane?

A

electro-chemical gradient

27
Q

What happens to ATP synthase when H+ diffuses through?

A

It begins to spin so it gains kinetic energy which allows ADP to be phosphorylated to ATP

28
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration in animals

A
  • glycolysis still occurs
  • NADH is recycled and oxidised to NAD
  • Pyruvate acts as a H acceptor so it is converted to Lactate in muscle cells
  • Lactate is taken to the liver where it is reconverted to pyruvate to continue to the link reaction there
29
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration in yeast

A
  • NAD is recycled
  • Pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation and reduction to produce ethanol
  • If the ethanol conc. exceeds 12% all cells will die
  • Because the ethanol dissolves in cell membranes which causes them to swell and burst
30
Q

What is a respiratory substrate?

A

An organic substance that can be used for respiration

31
Q

Describe carbohydrates as respiratory substrates

A

Glucose is the main respiratory substrate

The brain and blood cells can only use glucose

32
Q

Describe proteins as respiratory substrates

A

Some of the molecule can be changed to glycogen
Some is converted to pyruvate and continue to Krebs cycle
Slightly higher energy yield than carbohydrates

33
Q

Describe lipids as respiratory substrates?

A

Glycerol can be converted to glucose
Fatty acids (hydrocarbons) can produce ATP through chemiosmosis
Can bind with CoA and enter Krebs cycle
Highest energy yield

34
Q

Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of ATP during anaerobic respiration.

A
  • NAD is regenerated

- Which can be reduced again in glycolysis

35
Q

What is the effect of lactate in muscle cells?

A

Causes cramps due to toxicity

36
Q

What is the main role of oxygen in respiration?

A

Acts as an electron acceptor as it is reduced to form water (addition of electrons)

Biology A2 (20 decks)

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